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Pulmonary Week 3 > Smoking Cessation > Flashcards

Smoking Cessation Flashcards

1
Q

Labeled drugs for smoking cessation?

A

Bupropion, Varenicline, Nicotine

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2
Q

What does nicotine do to the body?

A

It activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs), which are widely distributed in the brain, and induces the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

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3
Q

How much is life expectancy shortened in smokers?

A

10 years

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4
Q

What demographics have the highest risk for second hand smoke?

A

small, black, poor children, especially in rental housing

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5
Q

What are some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal?

A
  • depression
  • insomnia
  • weight gain
  • difficulty concentrating
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6
Q

How do nicotine concentrations differ with time in cigarettes vs. chewing tobacco/snuff?

A

cigarettes tend to produce a more rapid effect but non-cigarette products tend to last longer

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7
Q

Where does nicotine bind?

A

pentameric transmembrane spanning ion channels (these can take on many different conformations)

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8
Q

What kinds of nicotinic receptor conformations are found in the ventral segmental area of the brain?

A

a7, and a4b2 conformations

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9
Q

How does nicotine affect the ventral segmental area of the brain initially?

A

activation by nicotine of GABA neurons in the VTA

produces rewarding effects through a GABA-dependent system that projects to the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP)

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10
Q

What are these ‘rewarding’ effects of nicotine binding?

A

1) Activation of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that contain the alpha7 subunit (as blockade of this subunit interferes with the acute rewarding effects of nicotine, but leaves the aversive signal intact)

However, nicotine might also exert its motivational effects through direct actions on nAChRs containing the beta2
subunit and located on GABA or dopamine neurons, as pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of this subunit blocks both the aversive and rewarding effects of nicotine.

In this model, nAChRs are distributed on both VTA neuronal populations, and nicotine-induced activation of these receptors can therefore regulate the motivational effects of nicotine through either non-DA or DA systems.

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11
Q

How is this changed with repeated nicotine exposure?

A

The GABA system that signals reward becomes desensitized, leading to a net shift in the action of nicotine to the DA neurons. This shift is mediated at least partly by increased glutamatergic input to the DA system. The shift in the functional balance between GABA and DA neuronal populations in the VTA might lead to a dysregulated DA signal in the VTA, which in turn leads to the aversive psychological effects of nicotine craving and withdrawal, and/or to the potentiation of the incentive salience of nicotine and its compulsive use.

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12
Q

So, again, what is responsible for addiction to nicotine?

A

increasing dopamine levels. Activity in the VTA is directly responsible for initiating these effects.

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13
Q

How addictive is nicotine compared to other addictive substances?

A

LESS addictive than amphetamine or cocaine, but MORE addictive than alcohol or bento-diazepines. On par with opiates.

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14
Q

How does Varenicline (Chantix) work?

A

partial agonist at the a4B2 nicotinic ACh receptor (this is the most effective single drug)

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15
Q

AEs of Varenicline?

A
  • most common = mild self-limiting nausea

- depression common

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16
Q

Other risks of using Chantix?

A
  • CV-related death

- nonfatal MI and stroke

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17
Q

How does Bupropion work?

A

Nor and DA re-utake inhibitor

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18
Q

Upsides of Bupropion?

A

decreases craving and withdrawal symptoms

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19
Q

T or F. Bupropion is better than nicotine replacement but less effective than varenicline

A

T.

20
Q

AEs of Bupropion?

A
  • dry mouth
  • nausea
  • insomnia
  • suicidal tendencies
21
Q

How does Clonidine work?

A

an oral antihypertensive drug that seems to block many of the AEs of nicotine withdrawal (craving, anxiety, hunger)

22
Q

AEs of Clonidine?

A
  • sedation, dry mouth
  • dizziness
  • rebound HTN if rapidly withdrawn
23
Q

What patients is Clonidine best for?

A

anxious, agitated ex-smokers who are likely to benefit from sedative effects

24
Q

How does Mecamylamine work?

A

nicotine antagonist (ganglionic blocker)

25
Q

T or F. Nicotine plus Mecamylamine may be superior to nicotine alone in promoting smoking cessation

A

T.

26
Q

When is Mecamylamine contraindicated?

A
  • coronary or renal insufficiency
  • glaucoma
  • uremia
27
Q

AEs of Mecamylamine?

A
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • sedation, fatigue
  • constipation, dry mouth

these adverse effects are associated with drug-induced
autonomic dysfunction or imbalance.

28
Q

Mecamylamine can moderate ________ in smokers

A

smoking cue-induced emotional response

29
Q

How does Naltrexone work?

A

opiate antagonist (maybe not all that effective for smoking cessation)

30
Q

What are some of the most common nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) methods?

A

OTC- gum, transdermal patch, and oral lozenge

Prescription- nasal spray and an oral vapor inhaler

31
Q

What method of NRT produce the most constant blood nicotine levels?

A

Patch

32
Q

Benefit of the gum and patch methods?

A

They both fulfill the criteria of slower accumulation to lower overall levels and more gradual concentration decline, thereby avoiding the impulse to seek another
nicotine “hit”.

33
Q

How are nicotine patches given?

A

products vary but most are intended to be employed over a 12-week step-down course

34
Q

AEs of Nicotine Patches?

A
  • application site rxns
  • headaches
  • cold and flu like symptoms

worse if continue smoking

NOTE: Nicotine released from the patches can stimulate both branches of the autonomic nervous system,

35
Q

Contraindications of nicotine patches?

A
  • underlying CV disease
  • diabetes
  • hepatic impairment
  • hyperthyroidism
  • peptic ulcers
  • pheochromocytoma
36
Q

How to use nicotine gum appropriately

A
  • do not exceed 24 pieces a day

- avoid eating/drinking 15 min prior

37
Q

AEs of nicotine gum?

A
  • jaw pain/orodental problems from chewing

- indigestion, N/V

38
Q

AEs of nicotine spray?

A

headache, nausea, heartburn, and hiccups

39
Q

Which NRT is the best?

A

The largest databases exist for patch and gum, indicating these to be somewhat effective, but not as good as varenicline.

Also the spray and inhaler appear to be more beneficial, although the trial data for these products is “thinner”.

40
Q

How do E-cigarettes work?

A

They use a heated element to vaporize a nicotine solution for immediate inhalation

41
Q

How much nicotine do E-cigs deliver?

A

current products do not deliver the same level of

nicotine that is produced by a real cigarette.

42
Q

Are E-cigs helpful in quitting?

A

Until now there has not been a large clinical trial of the effectiveness of the E-cigarette in aiding smokers who wish to quit the habit (August 2016).

A recent review of a collection of small trials concluded that any initial benefits from using these devices were not sustained over the longer term (over 6 months).

There is also concern being expressed from poison
control centers relative to an uptick in the incidence of poisonings amongst children and adolescents.

43
Q

New FDA restrictions on E-cigs

A

Restricts selling to juveniles

Producers will now be required to register with the
F.D.A. and to provide it with a detailed account of their products’ ingredients and their manufacturing processes.

They will also have to apply to the F.D.A. for permission to sell their products. That includes vape shops that mix their own ecigarette liquid.

44
Q

Stopping smoking can affect the effectiveness of which types of drugs?

A

CNS medications, like antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc

45
Q

What is considered 1st line in promoting smoking cessation in pregnant women?

A

psychological interventions

46
Q

Other options for smoking cessation in pregnant women?

A
  • NRTs safe
  • Category C for most options
  • other alternatives are lacking data evidence of safety
47
Q

What are some other techniques that may be helpful in quitting smoking?

A

There are suggestions that mind-body techniques (ie. meditation) can be beneficial in helping patients to sustain their commitment to the process, and ultimately in improving the success rate.

Further studies and a careful evaluation of this area is clearly warranted in the coming years.

Pulmonary Week 3 (18 decks)

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