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Pulmonary Week 3 > Pathoma > Flashcards

Pathoma Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common causes of nasal polyps?

A
  • recurrent bouts of rhinitis
  • CF
  • aspirin-intolerant asthma
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2
Q

What is the triad of aspirin-intolerant asthma?

A
  • asthma
  • aspirin induced bronchospasms
  • nasal polyps
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3
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with what?

A

EBV

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4
Q

What patients classically get nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

African children and chinese adults

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5
Q

What type of H. flu is the most common cause of epiglottis?

A

B, especially in non immunized children

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6
Q

What disease is associated with ‘seal-like barking’?

A

coupe (laryngotracheobronchitis)

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7
Q

What viruses can cause laryngeal papilloma?

A

HPV 6 and 11 (single nodules in adults and multiple in children)

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8
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

bacterial invasion of the parenchyma

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9
Q

How does pneumonia present?

A
  • fever and chills
  • rusty (bloody) sputum
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • elevated WBC
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10
Q

What are the patterns of pneumonia?

A
  • bronchopneumonia
  • lobar
  • bronchial interstitial
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11
Q

What are the gross phases of lobar pneumonia?

A
  • congestion
  • red hepatization
  • grey hepatization
  • Resolution
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12
Q

What class makes up the most common cause of aspiration pneumonia?

A

gram negative enteric rods

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13
Q

What are some gram negative enteric rods that commonly cause aspiration pneumonia?

A
  • Baceroides

- Fusobacterium

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14
Q

What are the abscess forming causative pneumonia bacteria?

A
  • Klebsiella

- Staph aureus

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15
Q

What are two common causes of pneumonia in COPD patients?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

Moxaxella catarrhalis

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16
Q

What part of the lung does primary TB affect?

A

lower lobes and hillier lymph nodes

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17
Q

How does primary TB present?

A

generally asymptomatic, but results in a positive PPD

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18
Q

What is a Gohn complex?

A
  • caseating necrosis

- hilar lymph nodes that undergoes fibrosis and calcification

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19
Q

How does secondary TB present?

A
  • fevers and night sweats
  • cough with hemoptysis
  • weight loss
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20
Q

How does TLC change in obstructive disease?

A

increase due to air trapping

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21
Q

What Reid index finding suggests chronic bronchitis?

A

50%+

22
Q

Smoking is a risk factor for _____ emphysema

A

centriacinar (upper lobes)

23
Q

Why is A1AT associated with liver cirrhosis?

A

Mutant A1AT accumulates in the ER of hepatocytes resulting in liver damage

24
Q

What would a biopsy of the liver show in panacinar emphysema?

A

PAS-positive globules

25
Q

Pathogenesis of asthma

A

Type I hypersensitivity- allergens induce TH2 phenotype in CD4+ T cells of genetically susceptible individuals

26
Q

What do these TH2 CD4+ T cells do?

A

TH2 secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10

27
Q

What is a primary function of IL-4?

A

class switching to IgE

28
Q

What is a primary function of IL-5?

A

chemotractant of eosinophils

29
Q

What is a primary function of IL-10?

A

stimulates TH2 and inhibits TH1s

30
Q

What does re-exposure to allergen cause?

A

IgE mediated mast cell degranulation

31
Q

What causes bronchiestasis?

A

necrotizing inflammation with damage to airway walls that cause them to permanently dilate

32
Q

What are some common causes of bronchiectasis?

A
  • CF
  • Kartagener syndrome
  • tumor
  • necrotizing infection
33
Q

What is Kartagener syndrome?

A

inherited defect of the dynein arm, which is needed for cilia movement

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Kartagener syndrome?

A
  • bronchiectasis
  • sinusitis
  • infertility (sperm have no cilia)
  • situs inversus (organs misplaced)
35
Q

Restrictive diseases most commonly arise from what part of the lung?

A

the interstitium

36
Q

Type of restrictive disease?

A
  • IDP
  • Pneumoconioses
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
37
Q

What is the likely cause of IPF?

A

cyclical lung injury which causes TGF-B release from injured pneumocytes and causes fibrosis

38
Q

What drugs have been known to cause IPF?

A
  • Bleomycin

- Amiodarone

39
Q

What is Caplan syndrome?

A

association between R.A. and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis

40
Q

Asbestosis is common in what population?

A
  • construction workers
  • plumbers
  • shipyard workers
41
Q

What is the typically patient population for granulomas?

A

young AA females

42
Q

What are often seen in the granulomas of sarcoidosis patients?

A

asteroid bodies

43
Q

What are some things that might be elevated in sarcoidosis?

A
  • serum ACE

- Hypercalcemia

44
Q

What is the normal PAP?

A

10 mm Hg

45
Q

What is the most basic result of ARDS?

A

diffuse damage of the alveolar-capillary interface

46
Q

What does diffuse damage of the alveolar-capillary interface cause in ARDS?

A

leakage of protein-rich exudate into the airways and the formation of hyaline membranes

47
Q

What is used to screen for lung maturity if the risk of NRDS is there?

A

lecithin (component of surfactant): sphingomyelin ratio

lecithin levels increase as surfactant is produced, sphingomyelin ratio remains constant

48
Q

What is a sufficient L:S ratio?

A

2+

49
Q

What are the risk factors of NRDS?

A
  • prematurity
  • C-section delivery
  • Maternal diabetes
50
Q

Why would maternal diabetes be a risk factor for NRDS?

A

Insulin reduces surfactant production

51
Q

Pleural involvement is classically seen in what lung malignancy?

A

adenocarcinoma

52
Q

What kind of pneumothorax shows deviation of the trachea to the side of the injury?

A

spontaneous (tension= away)

Pulmonary Week 3 (18 decks)

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