Small Ruminant

Question 1

What type of breeders are goats and sheep?

Answer 1

Short day breeders

Question 2

What are ways to manipulate the estrous cycle in small ruminants?

Answer 2

Induction of estrus
Synchronization of estrus
Increasing prolificacy

Question 3

What is the goal for small ruminant pregnancies?

Answer 3

3 pregnancies in 2 years, always twins

Question 4

Ways to induce estrus

Answer 4

Progesterone impregnanted vaginal devices (CIDR, sponges)
Ram effect
Melatonin
Manipulating length of daylight

Question 5

Timeline for use of estrus induction in SHEEP

Answer 5

Day 0: CIDR insertion
Day 14: CIDR removal, eGC injection
Day 16: Mating/AI
+/- Day 17: Second mating/AI

Question 6

Timeline for use of estrus induction in GOAT

Answer 6

Day 0: CIDR insertion
Day 9: Prostaglandin and eCG injections
Day 11: CIDR removal
Day 13: AI/mating

Question 7

What species is melatonin used in?

Answer 7

Sheep

Question 8

Light control protocol

Answer 8

8-12 weeks of long days
Then, 8-12 weeks short days

..not practical

Question 9

Cervical anatomy of does and ewes

Answer 9

Does: 5 rings, aligned
Ewe: 7 rings, tortuous

Question 10

4 AI Methods

Answer 10

Vaginal
Cervical
Trans-cervical
Laparoscopic

Question 11

Indirect pregnancy tests

Answer 11

Return to estrus

Progesterone >1ng/ml

Question 12

What maintains pregnancy in doe?

Answer 12

CL

Question 13

What maintains pregnancy in ewe?

Answer 13

CL, then placenta after 50 days

Question 14

How many days post AI can you count fetuses on ultrasound?

Answer 14

50 days post AI

Difficult to do this after 90 days

Question 15

Pregnancy biomarkers

Answer 15

BioPRYN (pregnancy B specific protein)
Estrone sulfate (>50 days)
Placental lactogene (>60 days)

Question 16

How to induce pregnancy in ewes?

Answer 16

Glucocorticoids

Question 17

How to induce pregnancy in does?

Answer 17

Glucocorticoids
Prostaglandins
or combination of both

Question 18

What is the major cause of reduced fertility in rams?

Answer 18

Epididymitis

Question 19

What bacteria causes lamb epididymitis?

Answer 19

Ascending infections - opportunistic bacteria

Actinobacillus, Histophilus

Question 20

How to treat lamb epididymitis?

Answer 20

Cull

Question 21

What bacteria causes ram epididymitis?

Answer 21

Brucella ovis

Venereal

Question 22

Balanoposthitis

Answer 22

Caused by: high protein diet, high urinary urea content, Corynebacterium renale

Necrosis of the penis and sheath

Question 23

What can cause a false pregnancy in goats?

Answer 23

Hydrometra
Mucometra
Cloudburst

All cause the goat not to cycle and have high progesterone, but will not have pregnancy biomarkers

Question 24

How to treat false pregnancy?

Answer 24

Prostaglandin

Oxytocin

Question 25

Periparturient problems

Answer 25

``` Pregnancy toxemia Vaginal prolapse Hypocalcemia "Ring womb" Dystocia Uterine prolapse Retained placenta ```

Question 26

Pregnancy toxemia

Answer 26

Not enough nutrients, brain lacks glucose (either primary or secondary causes) Diagnosed by ketonuria C-section

Question 27

What should you do to animal with vaginal prolapse?

Answer 27

Cull (highly likely to reoccur) | Replacement and retention

Question 28

Ring womb

Answer 28

Cervix fails to dilate C-section CULL - hereditary

Question 29

When to intervene with dystocia?

Answer 29

30 - 30 - 30 rule Kidding starts, wait 30 minutes All okay, wait 30 more minutes All okay, wait another 30 minutes

Question 30

Is it okay for meconium (fetal feces) to be yellow?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Uterine prolapse

Answer 31

Post-partum Clean and replace Usually doesnt reoccur

Question 32

Retained fetal membranes

Answer 32

12-18 hours | Tx usually not necessary

Question 33

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 33

Cause of abortions Cats White necrotic foci in cotyledons Treatment = prevention, identify cats

Question 34

Enzootic abortion of ewes

Answer 34

Chlamydophila abortus Reportable disease Late term abortions

Question 35

Campylobacteriosis

Answer 35

C. jejuni and C. fetus Most significant cause of abortions in SHEEP Late abortions Necrotic areas in liver of fetus

Question 36

Viral organisms

Answer 36

Bluetongue virus Border disease (sheep) Cache valley virus (sheep) Akabane virus (goats and sheep)

Question 37

Plant toxicities

Answer 37

deformities V. califoricum Locoweed, lupine, sudan