Cows

Question 1

Direct methods for pregnancy diagnosis

Answer 1

Ballottment
Palpation (membrane slip, amniotic vesicle, fetus, placentomes)
Ultrasound

Question 2

Indirect methods for pregnancy diagnosis

Answer 2

History (not returning to estrus)
Physical changes
endocrine
Palpation
Pregnancy proteins
Interferon-t stimulates genes

Question 3

What hormone maintains pregnancy?

Answer 3

Interferon t

Question 4

4 positive signs of pregnancy (palpation per rectum)

Answer 4

1. Fetal membrane slip
2. Amniotic vesicle
3. Fetus
4. Placentomes

Question 5

When are you able to feel the amniotic vesicle?

Answer 5

35 - 65 days

Question 6

What defines when an embryo becomes a fetus?

Answer 6

Organogenesis

Question 7

When can you feel placentomes?

Answer 7

90 days

Question 8

What artery can you palpate per rectum to feel fremitus?

Answer 8

Middle uterine artery

Question 9

Fetus size based on age?

Answer 9

Mouse - 60 days
Rat - 90 days
Small cat - 120 days
Large cat - 150 days
Beagle - 180 days
German shepherd - 210 days

Question 10

When can you diagnose pregnancy with ultrasound?

Answer 10

25 days

Question 11

At what day can ultrasound determine fetal sex?

Answer 11

62 days

Question 12

What proteins are produced by trophoblast cells and can diagnose pregnancy as early as 30 days?

Answer 12

Pregnancy specific protein B
pregnancy associated glycoprotein

***present until 90 days post partum too

Question 13

Fetal mummification

Answer 13

When fetus dies but remains sterile

Question 14

Fetal maceration

Answer 14

Bacterial contamination

Destruction of tissue, only bones present

Question 15

What to do with cow with macerated fetus?

Answer 15

Cull

Question 16

What to do with cow with mummified fetus?

Answer 16

C-section

Question 17

Hydrops allantois

Answer 17

Apple-shaped, accumulated fluid

Question 18

Hydrops amnii

Answer 18

Pear shaped

Question 19

Fetal anomalies

Answer 19

Ascites
Schistosmus reflexus
Perosomus horridus (fused joints)
Perosomus elumbus (fused back legs)

Question 20

Size of amniotic vesicle during gestation

Answer 20

Day 30 - 8-10mm (0.5 finger)
Day 40 - 20-20mm (1 finger)
Day 50 - 35-50mm (3 fingers)
Day 60 - 60-75mm (4 fingers)

Question 21

Stages of parturition

Answer 21

Preparation
Delivery
Expulsion of fetal membranes

Question 22

First stage: preparation

Answer 22

2-6 hours
Calf rotates
Contractions
Tail raised
Isolation

Question 23

Membranes seen at the beginning of stage 2

Answer 23

1 choriallantoic

2 amniotic

Question 24

Length of delivery

Answer 24

15-90 minutes

Question 25

After how many hours post delivery is it considered retained fetal membranes (RFM)?

Answer 25

> 12 hours

Question 26

What factors play a role in retained fetal membranes?

Answer 26

Placentomes do not have musclar tissue Immune system Collagenase Uterine contraction

Question 27

Main causes of dystocia

Answer 27

1. Size disproportion between calf and dam 2. Abnormal presentation, position, or posture 3. Twins 4. Abnormal calves 5. Other causes (weather, metabolic)

Question 28

Presentation of fetus

Answer 28

Fetal spine to dam spine Anterior or posterior (in longitudinal) Dorsal or ventral (in tansverse)

Question 29

Position of fetus

Answer 29

Dorsum of fetus to maternal pelvis Dorsosacral Dorsopubis Dorso-right ileum Dorso - left ileum

Question 30

Posture

Answer 30

Fetal extremities to its own body Flexed Extended Retained beneath

Question 31

Presentation, position, and posture of normal delivery (eutocia)

Answer 31

Presentation: Anterior or posterior Position: Dorso-sacral Posture: Normal

Question 32

How to test to see if a fetus is alive or dead in anterior presentation?

Answer 32

Swallowing reflex Pedal reflex Blinking reflex

Question 33

How to test to see if a fetus is alive or dead in posterior presentation?

Answer 33

Pedal reflex Anal reflex Pulsating umbilical cord

Question 34

Rule for vaginal delivery in anterior presentation

Answer 34

Both pasterns 10-15cm beyond vulva

Question 35

Rule for vaginal delivery in posterior presentation

Answer 35

Both hocks appear at vulva

Question 36

Definition of abortion in dairy cattle

Answer 36

Loss of fetus between 42 days and 260 days

Question 37

Infectious causes of abortion

Answer 37

Viral Bacterial Protozoal Mycotic

Question 38

Non-infectious cases of abortion

Answer 38

Drugs Vitamin deficiency Toxic plants or substances Elevated temperature

Question 39

Viruses causing abortion

Answer 39

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) | Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD)

Question 40

Bovine rhinotracheitis virus

Answer 40

Abortions after 4 months Diagnosed microscopically, serology, virus isolation Vaccination

Question 41

Bovine viral diarrhea

Answer 41

Infection after 4 months gestation = cerebellar hypoplasis, ocular defects, abortion Vaccination

Question 42

Leptospirosis

Answer 42

Invades mucous membranes via urine and products of abortion Incubation 4-10days Bacteremia 2 - 6 weeks Leptospiruria 2-6 months Acute vs chronic infections L. borgpetersenii Causes abortions in third trimesaccination

Question 43

Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

Answer 43

Veneral disease Casues endometritis incompatible with embryo development Prolonged estrous cycle

Question 44

Protozoaa causing abortions

Answer 44

Tritrichomonas foetus Neospora caninum Sarcosystis Toxoplasma gondii

Question 45

Tritrichomoniasis

Answer 45

Venereal Infertility, abortion, pyometra Modified diamonds media to diagnose

Question 46

Neosporosis

Answer 46

Abortion in early second trimester Vertical transmission Specific lesions in heart and brain of fetus

Question 47

Mycotic abortions

Answer 47

Thickened and leathery cotyledons