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therio final > Dogs & Cats > Flashcards

Dogs & Cats Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of infertility in dogs

A

breeding at the wrong time

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2
Q

Where is sperm deposited in the bitch?

A

Uterus

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3
Q

“Heat”

A

Estrus and proestrus

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4
Q

How long is estrus in dogs?

A

9 days

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5
Q

Cells seen in diestrus

A

Neutrophils

NON cornified

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6
Q

Cells seen in estrus

A

Cornified epithelium

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7
Q

What hormone estimates LH peak and ovulation?

A

Progesterone

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8
Q

Concentration of progesterone during LH peak

A

2-2.9

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9
Q

How many days after LH peak should bitches be bred?

A

4 and 6 days

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10
Q

What does “2-2-2-2” mean in terms of when to breed?

A

Progesterone is 2ng/mL
Ovulate 2 days later
Breed 2 days later
Breed again 2 days later

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11
Q

Norwegian catheter

A

Trans-cervical insemination without endoscopic guidance

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12
Q

Surgical AI “implant”

A

uterine lumen placement

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13
Q

Standard vaginal AI

A

fresh or chilled semen

250 million sperm

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14
Q

Intra-uterine insemination

A

100 million sperm

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15
Q

Length of gestation

A

57 days from cytological diestrus
65 days from LH peak
57-72 days from random breeding

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16
Q

What type of ovulators are felines?

A

Induced (causes LH release, ovulate 24-48 hours later)

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17
Q

Length of estrus in feline

A

8 days

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18
Q

What ovulatory agent can be used in cats?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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19
Q

What vaginal abnormality can be a cause of infertility in dogs?

A

Stricture

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20
Q

Canine herpes virus

A

Mummies, abortions, stillborns, premature delivery

Transmission: respiratory, oral, venereal

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21
Q

What is a pathologic, zoonotic cause of infection?

A

Brucella

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22
Q

Signs of brucellosis

A 
Rarely seriously ill
Diffuse lymphadenopathy
Diskospondylitis
Lameness
Ocular lesions
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23
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)

A

Endometrial cyst formation
Caused by repeated estrus and diestrus
Susceptibility to infection

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24
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

Secretory (estrogen, progesterone)

Treatment: ovariectomize

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25
Tumor found in dog ovaries
Granulosa cell tumor
26
What breed is predisposed to be an XX sex-reversal male (true hermaphrodite)?
Cocker spaniel
27
Problems/diseases of newborn puppies
"Fading puppies" | Herpes
28
What are the three fractions of dog semen?
1: prostatic (clear) 2. sperm rich (milky) 3. prostatic (clear)
29
Minimum motility for dog sperm
>70%
30
Minimum morphology for dog sperm
>80%
31
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
Androgen dependent Age related Asymptomatic or incontinence, tenesmus, etc
32
Prostatitis
Secondary to BPH Acute or chronic Ascending or hematogenous Cysts and abcesses
33
Azoospermia
Ejaculation of seminal fluid that does not contain sperm
34
Oligospermia
Low total number of sperm
35
Teratozoospermia
Decreased percentage of morphologically normal spem (correlated with infertility)
36
Asthenozoospermia
Progressive motility of less than 70%
37
What substance can cause azoospermia when present in high concentrations in semen?
Alkaline phosphatase
38
What disorders can cause testicular azoospermia?
``` Intersex animals Germinal cell aplasia Bilateral cryptorchidism Testicular trauma Orchitis Testicular neoplasia ```
39
Name of non-surgical sterilization
Zeuterin
40
Treatment of BPH
Castration | Finasteride (Proscar)
41
How do animals with acute prostatitis present?
Very sick
42
Treatment of prostatitis
Castration | Treat the patient (based on chronic or acute)
43
Is prostatic neoplasia more common in intact or castrated dogs?
Castrated
44
What type of cancer is prostatic neoplasia usually?
Adenocarcinoma
45
What physical feature is a bioassay from the presence of testosterone in male cats?
Penile spines
46
Testicular problems in male cats
Nutritional degeneration (riboflavin, linoleate, vit A) Orchitis FIP
47
Ways to collect semen in cats
Emission with sedation | Electroejaculation
48
Why cant progesterone be used as a definitive pregnancy test in dogs?
Progesterone is also high during diestrus
49
What type of placenta do dogs and cats have?
Endotheliochorial, zondary, deciduate
50
What is the green pigment in placenta?
Uteroverdin
51
How early can you palpate for pregnancy in dogs?
1 month after LH/ovulation
52
When can you use ultrasound for diagnosis of pregnancy of dogs?
3-4 weeks after LH/ovulation
53
What is a normal fetal heart rate?
>180
54
What does a decreased fetal heart rate indicate?
Stress
55
What hormone is produced by placenta and used for pregnancy diagnosis?
Relaxin | as early as 21 days after breeding
56
What day do fetal skulls calcify in dogs?
43-45 days post LH
57
On what day can you see fetal teeth on radiograph in dogs?
61 days
58
What protein can be elevated in pregnancy or pyometra?
Fibrinogen
59
What happens one day before parturition?
Body temp falls to 99F due to drop in progesterone
60
Gestation length in dog
65 days post LH peak 57 days post diestrus cytology 57-72 days from 1st breeding
61
Safety scale for medications
``` A probably safe B safe if used cautiously C some risks D contraindicated X absolutely contraindicated ```
62
Physiological changes of canine pregnancy (blood work)
Normocytic normochromic anemia (bc increased plasma volume) Increased TP Energy homestasis
63
Diet plan for pregnant bitches
Maintenance diet to 2/3 gestation Switch to puppy food last 1/3 OR all stage diet throughout
64
Should you supplement calcium during pregnancy?
NO
65
Hypoluteoidism
When progesterone is below 1-2ng/mL Will result in pregnancy loss Supplement with exogenous progesterone
66
Types of exogenous progesterone
Regumate Injectable P4 Prometrium
67
Length of gestation in cats
65-67 days
68
What structure/hormone is need for pregnancy in cats?
CL/progesterone
69
Main early sign of pregnancy
Mammary gland changes at 3 weeks
70
When is palpation used to diagnose pregnancy in cats?
>2 weeks
71
When is ultrasound used to diagnose pregnancy in cats?
2.5 weeks
72
When can relaxin test be used to diagnose pregnancy in cats?
28 days
73
When do fetal skulls calcify in cats?
40 days
74
When do fetal molars calcify in cats?
60 days
75
What hormone plays a role in mammary gland hypertrophy?
Progesterone
76
Three stages of parturition in dogs
``` Preparation Fetal expulsion (Active labor) Placental passage ```
77
What breeds are HIGHLY prediposed to dytocias?
Boston terriers English bulldogs French bulldogs
78
Dystocia caused by uterine inertia
Inability for uterine muscle to contract (even with oxytocin administration) Can be primary or secondary (obstructive)
79
Maternal causes of dystocia
Inadequate size of birth canal | Uterine torsion or rupture ("acute abdomen")
80
Fetal causes of dystocia
Fetal oversize | Abnormalities of presentation or posture
81
What should you NOT do with obstruction?
Give oxytocin
82
What can be used in cases of dystocia?
``` Oxytocin Calcium gluconate (with hypocalcemia) Glucose (with hypoglycemia) Assisted vaginal delivery C-section ```
83
What drugs to avoid with c-section?
Ketamine Methoxyflurane Xylazine Acepromazine
84
What drugs should be given after puppies are removed during c-section?
Opioid for pain | Oxytocin for contraction
85
What can be used to induce parturition?
Corticosteroids
86
When is uterine involution complete in dogs?
3 months post partum
87
Lochia
vulvar discharge after parturition
88
Problems that can occur in post partem bitch
``` Depression Agalactia Mastitis Metritis ("Acute puerperal metritis") Hypocalcemia ("Eclampsia") SIPS (Sub involution of placental sites) ```

therio final (6 decks)

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