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therio final > Dogs & Cats > Flashcards

Dogs & Cats Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of infertility in dogs

A

breeding at the wrong time

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2
Q

Where is sperm deposited in the bitch?

A

Uterus

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3
Q

“Heat”

A

Estrus and proestrus

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4
Q

How long is estrus in dogs?

A

9 days

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5
Q

Cells seen in diestrus

A

Neutrophils

NON cornified

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6
Q

Cells seen in estrus

A

Cornified epithelium

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7
Q

What hormone estimates LH peak and ovulation?

A

Progesterone

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8
Q

Concentration of progesterone during LH peak

A

2-2.9

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9
Q

How many days after LH peak should bitches be bred?

A

4 and 6 days

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10
Q

What does “2-2-2-2” mean in terms of when to breed?

A

Progesterone is 2ng/mL
Ovulate 2 days later
Breed 2 days later
Breed again 2 days later

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11
Q

Norwegian catheter

A

Trans-cervical insemination without endoscopic guidance

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12
Q

Surgical AI “implant”

A

uterine lumen placement

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13
Q

Standard vaginal AI

A

fresh or chilled semen

250 million sperm

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14
Q

Intra-uterine insemination

A

100 million sperm

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15
Q

Length of gestation

A

57 days from cytological diestrus
65 days from LH peak
57-72 days from random breeding

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16
Q

What type of ovulators are felines?

A

Induced (causes LH release, ovulate 24-48 hours later)

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17
Q

Length of estrus in feline

A

8 days

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18
Q

What ovulatory agent can be used in cats?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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19
Q

What vaginal abnormality can be a cause of infertility in dogs?

A

Stricture

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20
Q

Canine herpes virus

A

Mummies, abortions, stillborns, premature delivery

Transmission: respiratory, oral, venereal

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21
Q

What is a pathologic, zoonotic cause of infection?

A

Brucella

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22
Q

Signs of brucellosis

A 
Rarely seriously ill
Diffuse lymphadenopathy
Diskospondylitis
Lameness
Ocular lesions
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23
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)

A

Endometrial cyst formation
Caused by repeated estrus and diestrus
Susceptibility to infection

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24
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

Secretory (estrogen, progesterone)

Treatment: ovariectomize

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25
Q

Tumor found in dog ovaries

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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26
Q

What breed is predisposed to be an XX sex-reversal male (true hermaphrodite)?

A

Cocker spaniel

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27
Q

Problems/diseases of newborn puppies

A

“Fading puppies”

Herpes

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28
Q

What are the three fractions of dog semen?

A

1: prostatic (clear)
2. sperm rich (milky)
3. prostatic (clear)

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29
Q

Minimum motility for dog sperm

A

> 70%

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30
Q

Minimum morphology for dog sperm

A

> 80%

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31
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

A

Androgen dependent
Age related
Asymptomatic or incontinence, tenesmus, etc

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32
Q

Prostatitis

A

Secondary to BPH
Acute or chronic
Ascending or hematogenous
Cysts and abcesses

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33
Q

Azoospermia

A

Ejaculation of seminal fluid that does not contain sperm

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34
Q

Oligospermia

A

Low total number of sperm

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35
Q

Teratozoospermia

A

Decreased percentage of morphologically normal spem (correlated with infertility)

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36
Q

Asthenozoospermia

A

Progressive motility of less than 70%

37
Q

What substance can cause azoospermia when present in high concentrations in semen?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

38
Q

What disorders can cause testicular azoospermia?

A 
Intersex animals
Germinal cell aplasia
Bilateral cryptorchidism
Testicular trauma
Orchitis
Testicular neoplasia
39
Q

Name of non-surgical sterilization

A

Zeuterin

40
Q

Treatment of BPH

A

Castration

Finasteride (Proscar)

41
Q

How do animals with acute prostatitis present?

A

Very sick

42
Q

Treatment of prostatitis

A

Castration

Treat the patient (based on chronic or acute)

43
Q

Is prostatic neoplasia more common in intact or castrated dogs?

A

Castrated

44
Q

What type of cancer is prostatic neoplasia usually?

A

Adenocarcinoma

45
Q

What physical feature is a bioassay from the presence of testosterone in male cats?

A

Penile spines

46
Q

Testicular problems in male cats

A

Nutritional degeneration (riboflavin, linoleate, vit A)
Orchitis
FIP

47
Q

Ways to collect semen in cats

A

Emission with sedation

Electroejaculation

48
Q

Why cant progesterone be used as a definitive pregnancy test in dogs?

A

Progesterone is also high during diestrus

49
Q

What type of placenta do dogs and cats have?

A

Endotheliochorial, zondary, deciduate

50
Q

What is the green pigment in placenta?

A

Uteroverdin

51
Q

How early can you palpate for pregnancy in dogs?

A

1 month after LH/ovulation

52
Q

When can you use ultrasound for diagnosis of pregnancy of dogs?

A

3-4 weeks after LH/ovulation

53
Q

What is a normal fetal heart rate?

A

> 180

54
Q

What does a decreased fetal heart rate indicate?

A

Stress

55
Q

What hormone is produced by placenta and used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Relaxin

as early as 21 days after breeding

56
Q

What day do fetal skulls calcify in dogs?

A

43-45 days post LH

57
Q

On what day can you see fetal teeth on radiograph in dogs?

A

61 days

58
Q

What protein can be elevated in pregnancy or pyometra?

A

Fibrinogen

59
Q

What happens one day before parturition?

A

Body temp falls to 99F due to drop in progesterone

60
Q

Gestation length in dog

A

65 days post LH peak
57 days post diestrus cytology
57-72 days from 1st breeding

61
Q

Safety scale for medications

A 
A probably safe
B safe if used cautiously
C some risks
D contraindicated
X absolutely contraindicated
62
Q

Physiological changes of canine pregnancy (blood work)

A

Normocytic normochromic anemia (bc increased plasma volume)
Increased TP
Energy homestasis

63
Q

Diet plan for pregnant bitches

A

Maintenance diet to 2/3 gestation
Switch to puppy food last 1/3

OR

all stage diet throughout

64
Q

Should you supplement calcium during pregnancy?

A

NO

65
Q

Hypoluteoidism

A

When progesterone is below 1-2ng/mL
Will result in pregnancy loss
Supplement with exogenous progesterone

66
Q

Types of exogenous progesterone

A

Regumate
Injectable P4
Prometrium

67
Q

Length of gestation in cats

A

65-67 days

68
Q

What structure/hormone is need for pregnancy in cats?

A

CL/progesterone

69
Q

Main early sign of pregnancy

A

Mammary gland changes at 3 weeks

70
Q

When is palpation used to diagnose pregnancy in cats?

A

> 2 weeks

71
Q

When is ultrasound used to diagnose pregnancy in cats?

A

2.5 weeks

72
Q

When can relaxin test be used to diagnose pregnancy in cats?

A

28 days

73
Q

When do fetal skulls calcify in cats?

A

40 days

74
Q

When do fetal molars calcify in cats?

A

60 days

75
Q

What hormone plays a role in mammary gland hypertrophy?

A

Progesterone

76
Q

Three stages of parturition in dogs

A 
Preparation
Fetal expulsion (Active labor)
Placental passage
77
Q

What breeds are HIGHLY prediposed to dytocias?

A

Boston terriers
English bulldogs
French bulldogs

78
Q

Dystocia caused by uterine inertia

A

Inability for uterine muscle to contract (even with oxytocin administration)
Can be primary or secondary (obstructive)

79
Q

Maternal causes of dystocia

A

Inadequate size of birth canal

Uterine torsion or rupture (“acute abdomen”)

80
Q

Fetal causes of dystocia

A

Fetal oversize

Abnormalities of presentation or posture

81
Q

What should you NOT do with obstruction?

A

Give oxytocin

82
Q

What can be used in cases of dystocia?

A 
Oxytocin
Calcium gluconate (with hypocalcemia)
Glucose (with hypoglycemia)
Assisted vaginal delivery
C-section
83
Q

What drugs to avoid with c-section?

A

Ketamine
Methoxyflurane
Xylazine
Acepromazine

84
Q

What drugs should be given after puppies are removed during c-section?

A

Opioid for pain

Oxytocin for contraction

85
Q

What can be used to induce parturition?

A

Corticosteroids

86
Q

When is uterine involution complete in dogs?

A

3 months post partum

87
Q

Lochia

A

vulvar discharge after parturition

88
Q

Problems that can occur in post partem bitch

A 
Depression
Agalactia
Mastitis
Metritis ("Acute puerperal metritis")
Hypocalcemia ("Eclampsia")
SIPS (Sub involution of placental sites)

therio final (6 decks)

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