Camelids Flashcards
Breeding strategies in camels
Field breeding (rotary system) AI
Induction of ovulation
Vasectomized male
GnRH
hCG
Seminal plasma injection
When to AI?
Before ovulation (24 hrs after induction of ovulation)
After ovulation (within 2 hours)
Types of AI
transcervical intrauterine AI (in both horns( Laparoscopic AI (in horn ipsilateral to follicle)
What horn is usually where pregnancy occurs?
Left
How long is gestation?
335-360 days
What maintaines pregnancy to term?
Progesterone/CL
Type of placenta
Epitheliochorial
Diffuse
Microcotyledonary
non-deciduate
Indirect methods of preg diagnosis
Behavioral refusal
Progesterone (>1ng/ml)
Direct methods of preg diagnosis
Rectal palpation (35 days after breeding) Ultrasound (transrectal -12 days after breeding, transabdominal - 60-90 days)
How to terminate pregnancy
Prostaglandins (Cloprosterol, dinoprost)
Developmental abnormalities causing infertility
Segmental aplasia
Double cervix
Double uterus
Persisten hymen
Ovarian abnormalities causing infertility
Hypoplasia
Cystic follicles
Hemorrhagic follicles
Neoplasia
Uterine abnormalities causing infertility
Bacterial endometritis
Metritis
Uterine scarring (fibrosis)
Cystic glandular distension
Diagnosing female infertility
History Exam external genitalia Transrectal ultrasound Vaginal exam Uterine culture/biopsy
Most commonly isolated organisms causing infertility
Strep E. coli Staph Bacillus Bacteroides Fusobacterium nephorum
Testicular abnormalities causing infertility
Hypoplasia Degeneration Cryptorchidism Orchitis Hydrocele Neoplasia
Penile abnormalities causing infertility
Prepucial stricture Persisten frenulum Corkscrew penis Penile deviation Balanitis, posthitis
Embryonic and fetal loss
<90 days
Non-infectious causes of fetal loss
twins
nutrition
pine needles
stress
Infectious causes of fetal loss
Lepto Chlamydiosis Neoporosis Toxoplasmosis Listeriosis A. pyogenes
Ascending placentits
Periparturient problems
Uterine torsion (after 9th month gestation)
Dystocia
RFM
Most common cause of dystocia
lateral flexion of head
Uterine torsion
Dystocia
Diagnosed by vag speculum exam
Roll female or surgically correct