Small Parts 2 Flashcards
At what fetal gestational age do the mammary glands begin to develop?
6 weeks
5 Weeks
4 weeks
7 weeks
6 weeks
The acini cells are the functional cells of the breast.
True
False
True
Breasts are normally asymmetric in size; which is normally larger?
Correct answer:
Left
Right
Nearly all breast pathology originates in the TDLU, most malignancies arise from the terminal duct near the junction of the intralobular and extralobular segments.
True
False
True
What is the name of the connective tissue that courses between the lobes of the breast from the chest wall/axilla toward the nipple to support the breast parenchyma?
Connor’s tendons
Brian’s ligaments
Cooper’s ligaments
bra straps
Cooper’s ligaments
Which is the correct terminology for directional plane when scanning a breast?
radial, anti-radial
transverse, long
radial, transverse
transverse, sagittal
radial, anti-radial
Normal ducts in a non-lactating female should measure ____________.
less than 4 mm
less than 2 mm
less than 5mm
less than 8mm
less than 2 mm
The premammary layer of the breast is also called what?
subcutaneous fat layer
muscle layer
glandular layer
parenchymal layer
subcutaneous fat layer
The amount of glandular tissue in a breast in the mammary layer is variable by the following factors except which one?
Post menopause
Age of menarche
Age
Weight
Age of menarche
Normal ducts in a lactating female should measure ___________ in diameter.
less than 2mm
less than 8mm
less than 9mm
less than 11mm
less than 8mm
The breast is located from the 1st and 2nd rib to what location?
9th rib
8th rib
7th rib
6th rib
7th rib
The breast is an exocrine gland and its main function is?
production and secretion of milk
provide balance
protect the anterior rib cage
production and secretion of milk
Which layer of the breast is the only layer that contains functional tissue?
skin layer
retromammary layer
mammary layer
premammary layer
mammary layer
Each breast is composed of approximately how many lobes of glandular tissue arranged in a radial fashion around the nipple?
4-6
14-16
10-12
15-20
15-20
How many days post-partum will milk production usually begin?
2-5
2-3
4-5
1-2
2-3
What gland on the surface of the areola secret’s a protective oily substance during lactation?
Nipple gland
Montgomery gland
Coopers gland
Montgomery gland
What congenital anomaly of the breast is the most common in both females and males?
athelia
polymastia
polythelia
polythelia
amastia
polythelia
The condition of breast enlargement, onset of menses, underarm/pubic hair, and acne that occurs before age 8 is most commonly caused by early release of what hormone?
testosterone
calcitonin
gonadotropin (LH and FSH)
gonadotropin (LH and FSH)
Breast tissue is not considered completely mature until?
Puberty
Pregnancy
Menopause
Pregnancy
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the TDLU to grow in the breast, resulting in ‘PMS’ breast symptoms?
progesterone
estrogen
progesterone
What hormone is responsible for the ductal contraction of lactation?
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Progesterone
Oxytocin
What hormone is responsible for the ductal contraction of lactation?
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Progesterone
Oxytocin
The fat layer is the layer of the breast where sebaceous cyst and lipomas occur.
False
True
True
What is the term that refers to rapid breast tissue development at puberty, 8 to 13?
Thelarche
Menarche
Post menarche
Pre-mature thelarche
Thelarche
When scanning a breast, what is the most common reference point for measuring the distance to a potential lesion?
1st rib
Nipple
Axilla
Nipple
How many bones are typically found in the human body?
208
204
206
20
206
Which answer below is not one of the three different types of muscles?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
rough
rough
At what age range should neonatal hips be scanned to exclude laxity in the hips postpartum due to maternal hormone levels?
4 to 6 weeks
4 to 6 months
3 to 5 months
1 to 2 weeks
4 to 6 weeks
The Alpha angle of the fetal hip should be___________.
greater or equal to 40 degrees
greater or equal to 50 degrees
greater or equal to 80 degrees
greater or equal to 60 degrees
greater or equal to 60 degrees
Is the appendix anterior or posterior in location to the iliac vessels and psoas muscle?
posterior
anterior
anterior
The normal appendix is non-compressible.
True
False
False
The bones in the human body have three functions, which of the below answers is not?
regulate temperature
protect internal organs
support weight of body
facilitate movement
regulate temperature
Is pyloric stenosis more common in boys or girls?
girls
boys
boys
Seeing fluid or stomach contents pass through the pyloric sphincter is not a definitive observation that rules out pyloric stenosis.
True
False
False
Pediatric sonographers knowledge of congenital anomalies is essential.
True
False
True
The sacral spine and lumbar spine both typically have how many vertebrae?
6
5
7
5
4
5
What is the function of the pylorus muscle?
prevents food from digesting early
causes the ‘hungry’ feeling
controls the flow of food
controls the flow of food
Normal hip development in a child depends on the stability of what?
femoral length
femoral width
femoral neck
femoral head
femoral head
A fetal hip ultrasound diagnostic quality is entirely dependent on the machine and not the skill of the sonographer.
True
False
False
What is the term for increased blood flow in an area being examined?
hypothermia
hyperemia
hypercoagulating
hypoemia
hyperemia
Which of the MSK answers listed is not an area that is commonly scanned?
carpal tunnel
shoulder
ear lobe
knee
Achilles tendo
ear lobe
All of the following are reasons to use sonography for pediatric patients except?
ease of sound penetration
low radiation
cost-effective
low radiation
Tendons and ligaments attach to a bones _______, it contains blood vessels and nerves.
diaphyseum
periosteum
bursa
endoneurium
periosteum
periosteum
When scanning the pylorus, the channel length should be less than or equal to 17mm and the muscle thickness should be _______?
less than or equal to 3cm
less than 4mm
less than 4cm
less than or equal to 3mm
less than or equal to 3mm
Of the answers below, select all that could be indications for a fetal spinal ultrasound exam.
RLQ pain
hip clicking
lipomas
dorsal dermal sinus
sacral dimple
spinal cord trauma
spinal cord trauma
sacral dimple
dorsal dermal sinus
lipomas
What are two secondary, but important, sonographic signs of appendicitis?
nausea/vomiting
free fluid
echogenic mesenteric fat
RLQ pain
echogenic mesenteric fat
free fluid
The ______ the Alpha angle is, the greater the degree of dislocation.
smaller
larger
smaller
Ultrasound is the screening method of choice to evaluate any spinal deformities up to what age?
12-18months
6-8 months
2-3months
4-6 months
4-6 months
What is the most common symptom of pyloric stenosis?
diarrhea
not hungry
projectile vomiting
projectile vomiting
Synovial joints are the most common joints in the human body.
True
False
True
Ultrasound is the gold standard for diagnosing pyloric stenosis and it is the most common abnormality requiring surgery in infants.
True
False
True
When scanning a fetal spine where should the tip of the conus generally end on the spine?
L1-L2
L4-L5
L3-L2
T11-T12
L1-L2
