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Module 11 > Small Mammal Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Small Mammal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how do small mammals thermoregulate in the wild

A

in wild burrows to avoid extreme temps (hibernate)

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2
Q

how do small mammals adapt to cold

A
  1. high activity (shivering)
  2. brown fat
  3. peripheral vasoconstriction
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3
Q

how do small mammals adapt to heat

A
  1. burrows
  2. water conservation (urine conc)
  3. peripheral heat exchanges
  4. size (high SA:volume), big ears
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4
Q

what are the thermoregulation considerations of small mammals and anaesthesia

A

high metabolic rate –> susceptible to hypothermia and dehydration

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5
Q

what are lagomorpha

A

rabbit, hare

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6
Q

what are rodentia

A

myomorpha (mouse like) –> rat, mouse, hamster

caviomorpha (cavy like) –> guinea pig, chinchilla, degu

sciuromorpha (squirrel like) squirrel, chipmunk

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7
Q

what are carnivora family mustelidae

A

ferret, weasel, stoat, otter, badger

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8
Q

how many teeth do rodents and lagomorphs have

A

16-28 teeth

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9
Q

what are the features of rodent and lagomorph incisors

A

open-rooted –> continual growth

chisel shaped tip

innervation only at root

cheek folds plug diastema to prevent sharp material entering oral cavity

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10
Q

what is the funciton of the cheek teeth

A

rasp effect

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11
Q

what are the features of the cheek teeth in herbivores

A

open roots

teeth ground down by plant material

failure to wear –> dental disease

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12
Q

what are the features of omnivore cheek teeth

A

roots close at ~4 months

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13
Q

how many incisors are there

A

1/2 pairs of upper incisors

1 pair lower

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14
Q

do rodents and lagomorphs contain canines

A

no

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15
Q

what is the dental formula for rodents

A

1-0-0-3/1-0-0-3

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16
Q

do molars have open or closed roots

A

closed

enamal folds, enamel-free cusps

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17
Q

what is the dental formula for rabbits

A

2-0-3-3/1-0-2-3

28 total

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18
Q

what are the 2nd upper incisors in rabbits

A

rudimentary

peg teeth

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19
Q

what do horizontal grooves in enamel of upper incisors suggest in rabbits

A

dental disease associated with poor diet

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20
Q

do all rabbit teeth continually grow

A

yes

2mm/week

need fibre for erosion

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21
Q

why is dental exam in rabbits difficult

A

limited range of jaw opening

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22
Q

what is the dental formula in ferrets deciduous

A

3(4)-1-3-0/3-1-3-0

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23
Q

what is the dental formula in ferret permanent

A

3-1-3-1/3-1-3-2

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24
Q

what are hamster cheek pouches

A

distensible invaginations of lateral buccal endothelium

extend to doroscaudal scapula

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25
Q

what type of digestive tract to rodents and lagomorphs have

A

monogastric

some have non-glandular areas

simple small intestine

cecum (larger in herbivores)

26
Q

what are the characteristics of the rabbit hindgut

A

10x capacity of stomach

40% of GIT content

3 gyral folds

thin walls

mainly bacteroides spp

27
Q

what is coprophagy

A

consumption of feces

28
Q

what is cecotrophy

A

consumption of cecal pellets (night stools)

29
Q

why is cecotrophy essential for health and what diets effect consumption

A

high fibre diet required for produciton (cellulose, lignin)

low-protein diet encourages consumption

high carb diet decreases consumption and allows bacterial overgrowth in cecum

30
Q

where do cecotrophs form

A

cecum and in proximal colon

high nutrient content (fibre doesn’t enter cecum)

mucus covering during passage through colon

ingested directly from anus through anal reflex

31
Q

what type of uterus do small mammals have

A

duplex

32
Q

what are the features of the male genitalia in rodents

A

rounded scrotum at caudal end

copious fat around testes

longer anogenital distance

33
Q

what are the features of the female external genitalia in rodents

A

more pointed caudal end

shorter anogenital distance

34
Q

what are the features of male external genitalia in rabbits

A

scrotal sacs either side of preputial sheath

genital opening circular

35
Q

what are the features of female external genitalia in rabbits

A

triangular vulva

genital opening slit-like

thoracic and inguinal mammary glands

36
Q

what is the repro cycle of the rabbit (estrus, gestation, litter size, weaning)

A

estrus: 5-6d (induced ovulation)
gestation: 31-32d

litter size: ~6

weaning: ~4-7wk

high (~30%) embryonic mortality

37
Q

what is the repro cycle of guinea pig

A

estrus: 15-17d (polyestrus)
gestation: 59-72d

litter size: 1-6

weaning: 21d

post-partum estrus 2-10h after parturition

38
Q

what is the repro cycle of the rat

A

estrus: 4-5d (polyestrus)
gestation: 21-23d

litter size: 3-18

weaning: ~3-6 weeks

39
Q

what is the repro cycle of the hamster

A

estrus: 4d (seasonal polyestrus)
gestation: 15-18d

litter size: 5-10

weaning: 21 d

40
Q

what is the female repro system of ferrets

A

similar to cat

estrus cycle linked to increasing daylight in spring

coitus-induced ovulation (if unmated estrogen production continues, hyperestrogenism)

post estrus anemia through suppression of bone marrow

41
Q

what is the gestation period in ferrets

A

42 d

42
Q

when are ferret kittens weaned

A

6-8weeks

43
Q

what is a male and female ferret called

A

m = hob

mn = gib

f = jill

fn = sprite

44
Q

what is the characteristics of the male ferret repro system

A

similar arrangement to dog

os penis has curved tip –> catheterization difficult

may be castrated or vasectomized (used to take jills out of season prevent post-estrus anemia)

45
Q

why are rodents/lagomorphs obligate nose breathers

A

larynx in high position

46
Q

what causes high oxygen demand in rodent/lagomorphs

A

lungs not proportionally larger

greater number of alveoli with smaller diameter

compliant chest wall

poor lubulation of lungs in rabbits –> pneumonia can spread quickly

47
Q

what is the heart size relative to thorax

A

2-4th intercostal spaces

often larger in proportion to thorax

48
Q

where are the venupuncture areas

A

saphenous/cephalic veins

tail vein

jugular if larger sample required

marginal ear vein in rabbits

49
Q

where are the lymph nodes

A
  1. submandibular
  2. cervical cranial to scapula
50
Q

what is the rabbit and guinea pig urinary system features

A
  1. relatively high water intake (120 ml/day)
  2. urine alkaline, not very concentrated (often creamy appearance due to calcium carbonate, may be red due to plant pigmentation)

rodent urine also very concentrated

51
Q

what are the features of calcium metabolism

A

high circulating calcium

rapid adjustments in parathyroid hormone control absorption from gut (independent of vitamin D) –> tolerant of high Ca intake, Ca:P ratio not as critical as other mammals

excess calcium cleared via urine (up to 60% of ingested Ca) –> phosphorus excreted via feces

chronic vit D deficiency may lead to mild hypocalcemia (important when dietary supply low)

52
Q

what are the adrenals of the ferret endocrine system

A

simialr to dog

high incidental of adrenal neoplasia –> possible association with sex hormones produced by the adrenal

may lead to alopecia

possible implication of early neutering coupled with inadequate exposure to daylight

53
Q

what are the senses of rodents

A

prey animals

mainly active at low light

acute senses of smell, hearing and touch –> large tympanic bullae, large olfactory bulbs, sensitive vibrissae (whiskers)

odours important in communication and identification (urine, feces, scent glands)

54
Q

what is the harderian gland

A

particularly in rats (present in all vertebrates often rudimentary)

behind eye –> secretes lipids and porphyrin red pigment (ocular lubrication and pheromones)

secretion increased when stressed = red-brown deposit –> chromodacryorrhea

55
Q

what is significant about the rabbit skeletal system

A

fragile esp compared to muscular system

spine easily fractured if incorrectly held (esp L6-L7)

56
Q

what is the significance of the rat skeletal system

A

ossification not complete until ~1 year (poorly developed haversian remodelling system, prox. humerus and distal radius/ulna fuse at 2 y)

57
Q

what are the features of the rodent skull

A

skull: cartilagenous mandibular symphysis

58
Q

what are the spinal features of the rat

A

spine: C7, T13, L6, S4, Cd 27-31

59
Q

what are the features of the ferret skull

A

carnivore skull

60
Q

what are the vertebrae of the ferret

A

C7, T15, L5/6, S3, Cd18

flexible spine

support important when carrying (fractures not uncommon, esp in pregnant jills)

61
Q

how many pairs of sternal ribs are there

A

12

narrow thoracic inlet

proportionally large chest

Module 11 (6 decks)

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