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Module 11 > Anatomy & Physiology of Reptiles, Amphibia, Fish > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology of Reptiles, Amphibia, Fish Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ectotherm

A

reliant on external sources of heat

limited production from metabolism

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2
Q

what is ectothermic regulation controlled by

A

hypothalamus

stimulation of appropriate behaviour depending on temp of blood

pineal gland detects light levels

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3
Q

what are the advantages of ectotherms

A

less energy waste in maintaining body temp

~10% of equivalently sized mammal

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4
Q

what are the disadvantages of ectothermic regulation

A

activity depends on ambient temp

poor aerobic capacity may limit endurance

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5
Q

what are the thermoregulation mechanisms in reptiles (4)

A

1. heart rate and blood shunting: HR increases with increasing temp, 3-chambered reptilian heart allows lungs to be bypassed, peripheral vasodilation and vasoconstriction

2. body mass and shape: body position can affect heat transfer (contact with ground)

3. behaviour: burrow, alter pigmentation of skin, shade skeeing

4. UV light important for normal behaviour

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6
Q

identify the general anatomy of the lizzard

A
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7
Q

identify the general anatomy of the snake

A
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8
Q

what are the 3 layers in the reptile integument

A
  1. stratum germinatum
  2. intermediate lipid-rich
  3. stratum corneum - keratinized scales
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9
Q

where are the colour generating cells in reptiles

A

between dermis and epidermis

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10
Q

what is ecdysis

A

shedding of skin

whole skin in snakes and patches in lizzards

new skin develops from intermediate layer of epidermis

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11
Q

what is ecdysis controlled by

A

thyroid gland

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12
Q

what is failure to shed the integument called

A

dysecdysis

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13
Q

where is most of the calcium stored in reptiles

A

in the bone

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14
Q

what is the optimal Ca:P ratio for reptiles

A

2:1

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15
Q

how many chambers does the reptile heart have

A

3

2 atria

single ventricle supplying lungs and body

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16
Q

are the reptile erythrocytes nucleanted or enucleated and what blood tube should be used

A

nucleated

may be lysed by EDTA

better taken into lithium heparin

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17
Q

how does lymph travel in the reptile

A

large lymphatic networks have smooth muscle

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18
Q

what is the blood flow through the reptile heart

A
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19
Q

where is the glottis

A

fairly rostral

closed at rest

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20
Q

what are the functions of the lungs in the reptile

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. vocalization
  3. buoyancy
  4. display
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21
Q

do reptiles have mucociliary lining

A

primitive

poor at cleaning debris

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22
Q

does the respiratory system contain a diaphragm

A

no

negative pressure breathing

inspiration, expiration and relaxation/breath-holding phases

relaxation 30-33h

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23
Q

what controls respiration

A

temperature

increased temp increases oxygen demand

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24
Q

what is the chelonian respiratory system

A

easily swithced to anaeobic metabolism –> difficult to anaesthesize

nose breathers

short trachea

lungs occupy dorsal half of body cavity

trunk muscles used to drive resp

no diaphragm = no effective cough = prone to pneumonia

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25
Q

what is the differences in digestive system of reptiles vs. mammals

A

shorter

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26
Q

what is the rate of digestion related to in reptiles

A

stops at <7 degrees

diet dependent –> longer in herbivores

drops when ill –> oral medication may have delayed action

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27
Q

what is the cloaca

A

common exit for digestive and genitourinary systems

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28
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the cloaca

A
  1. copradeum: anterior, collects feces
  2. urodeum: middle, drains urteres and reproductive tract
  3. proctodeum: caudal, common path for excrertion
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29
Q

how do reptiles osmoregulate

A

water in: environment, diet, drinking

water lost through: evaporation, respiration, urine and feces

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30
Q

how do reptiles retain water (5)

A
  1. uric acid: pasty white excretion (can build up and cause gout when dehydrated –> urate cyrstal deposition in joints and viscera)
  2. cloacal resorption
  3. reduced GFR
  4. salt glands: active excretion of Na/K
  5. renal portal system: renal portal vein (from system venous sytem) passes blood directly to kidney tubule (bypassing glomerulus)
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31
Q

where are the kidneys in reptiles

A

caudal to coelom

no loop of henle, pyramids or pelvis

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32
Q

what reptiles have bladders

A

chelonians and some lizards

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33
Q

where do ureters open into in reptiles with no bladders

A

into cloaca directly with reflux into colon for water absorption

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34
Q

when do small lizards reach sexual maturity

A

1-2 years

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35
Q

when do snakes reach sexual maturity

A

2-3 years

36
Q

when do chelonia reach sexual maturity

A

3-8 years

37
Q

how is sex determined chromosomally

A

female heterozygous ZW

male homozygous ZZ

38
Q

what is temperature dependent sexual determination (TSD)

A

incubation temp determines sex (sex hormones involveD)

range varies between species (high temp for male lizzards and female chelonia)

39
Q

when does testicular size vary

A

with season

40
Q

where are the testes located

A

close to vena cava (R) and left adrenal (L)

41
Q

what type of testes do lizards/snakes have

A

paired extracloacal hemipenes

42
Q

what type of testes do chelonia/crocodiles have

A

single intracloacal phallus

43
Q

how long can sperm be stored in the female repro tract

A

>6m to 7 y

44
Q

what do oviducts secrete which help form the eggshell

A

albumin, calcium

open direct into urodeum

45
Q

what is the female repro cycle

A
  1. quiescent
  2. vitalligenic: hypertrophy of ovaries/oviduct, yolk moved to ovarian follicles, increased circulating Ca
  3. gravidity/pregnancy: fertilized eggs/embryos in oviducts
46
Q

what is oviparity

A

eggs laid early

47
Q

what is the source of nutrients in the eggs

A

yolk

48
Q

what is viviparity

A

some placental exchange

better for cooler climates

49
Q

how many clutches during breeding season for oviparity species

A

2-3

50
Q

how many clutches per season for viviparity

A

1 per season

51
Q

what species are viviparity species

A

boas, vipers, chameleons

52
Q

what is the structure of the reptilian egg

A

3 membranes and shell

53
Q

what are the structures inside the reptilian egg

A
  1. embryo
  2. amniotic membrane
  3. allantois (storage of urea/uric acid)
  4. chorionic membrane
  5. shell (calcium for embryo)
54
Q

what species show maternal care

A

indian python

crocodiles

but most do not

55
Q

what species have an external ear

A

only crocodiles

56
Q

where is the tympanic membrane in some species

A

outer margin in others (not in snakes, chameleon, tuatara)

57
Q

what is the single middle ear bone and its funciton

A

columella

transmits vibration from air and from ground (via quadrate bone)

58
Q

what is the function of accessory (jacobsen’s) organ

A

pheromones

59
Q

how do reptiles see

A

eyes + pineal gland

60
Q

what type of muscle is the iris

A

skeletal

doesn’t respond to atropine

61
Q

do reptiles have a consenual light reflex

A

no

62
Q

how do adult amphibians gas exchange

A

simple paired lungs

buccopharyngeal

external cutaneous

63
Q

how do amphibian larvae gas exchange

A

gills

64
Q

how does air reach the lungs in amphibians

A

cannot create negative pressure

force air in by contractions of throat muscles

65
Q

what are the functions of amphibian integument

A
  1. protective
  2. osmotic
  3. respiratory functions
66
Q

what are some practical considerations when dealing with amphibians

A
  1. handling: wear gloves (skin toxins, skin easily damaged, susceptible to toxin absorption through skin)
  2. anaesthesia: immersion, gaseous induction can be slow
  3. euthanasia: pithing, intra-cardiac/venous or intra-peritoneal injection
67
Q

what are elasmobranchii or chondrichthyes

A

cartilagenous fish

68
Q

what are osteichthyes

A

bony fish or teleosts

69
Q

what is poikilothermic

A

temp depends on environment

optimum temperature range

70
Q

what is the outer surface of the integument in fish

A

cuticle

slimy layer –> mucopolysaccharides, skin cells, mucus

71
Q

what is the epidermis layer called in fish

A

stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

what is the dermis layer in fish

A

collagen, pigment fibres

73
Q

what are the scales in fish

A

flexible calcified plates originating in dermis

74
Q

what is the lateral line system and their functions

A

canal along flank lying dermis

seen as series of pores

mechanoreceptors –> changes in water pressure, nerve supply derived from vagus, some adaptation to detect electrical pulses

75
Q

what are the shape of vertebrae in fish

A

cylindrical bodies

dorsal and ventral elastic ligaments

dorsal neural arch and spine

76
Q

what are fins

A

pectoral girdle attaches to skull

series of bony rays support fin structure

77
Q

where are the majority of muslces in fish

A

along trunk

78
Q

what are the shape of muscles in fish

A

segmental

folded, interlocking blocks (myotomes)

quartered by dorsal, ventral and horizontal septa

79
Q

what type of muscles do fish have

A

mix of red (aerobic “slow”) and white (anaerobic “fast”) fibres

80
Q

what is the shape of the fish heart

A

4 chambered linear heart

blood through gills and then to body

81
Q

where does respiratory exchange mainly occur

A

at gills

82
Q

what are gills also important for in fish

A

in salt and nitrogenous regulation and excretion

83
Q

how does gas exchange occur in the heart in fish

A

through countercurrent mechanism

water in through mouth, out through opercula

84
Q

where are fish kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

extends length of body cavity

85
Q

what are the divided functions of the kidney

A

cranial (head) hematopoiesis

caudal (trunk) excretory

86
Q

what is the swim bladder in fish and its function

A

gas filled

swallowing air at surface

movement of gas from arterial blood

maintains neutral buoyancy

87
Q

what are practical considerations when dealing with fish

A
  1. initial visual exam in environment
  2. anaesthesia: place agent in tank water
  3. venepuncture: caudal vein
  4. injections: intramuscular, intraperitoneal
  5. euthanasia: anathesize then sever spinal cord caudal to braincase

Module 11 (6 decks)

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