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E&E Exam 1 > Small & Large Animal Diseases/Abnormalities > Flashcards

Small & Large Animal Diseases/Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inflammation of the oral mucosa?

A

(Stomatitis)

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2
Q

What type of virus causes vesicular stomatitis? Hint: same virus family as rabies.

A

(Rhabdovirus)

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3
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted? Two answers.

A

(Direct contact and fly vector)

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4
Q

What is the number one rule out for a cattle presenting to you with signs of vesicular stomatitis?

A

(Foot and mouth disease)

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5
Q

How do you go about ruling out foot and mouth disease from vesicular stomatitis and why is it important to distinguish between the two diseases?

A

(Horses can get vesicular stomatitis but not foot and mouth disease, important because FMD is reportable)

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6
Q

Why is bluetongue called bluetongue?

A

(Main symptom is cyanosis d/t pulmonary edema which is d/t vasculitis induced by the virus)

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7
Q

What is a stomatitis related disease of calves that often is the culprit in foot and mouth disease investigations?

A

(Bovine papular stomatitis)

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8
Q

What is the causative virus of orf and how is it transmitted?

A

(Paramyxovirus and direct contact)

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9
Q

What is the causative agent of woody tongue?

A

(Actinobacillus lignieresii)

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10
Q

Where will granulomas be located in small ruminants infected with the causative agent of woody tongue? Three answers.

A

(Lips, nose, and face)

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11
Q

What do the granulomas related to woody tongue contain?

A

(Sulfur granules)

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12
Q

What is the treatment of choice for woody tongue?

A

(IV sodium iodide, repeated in 7-10 days)

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13
Q

What is the causative agent of lumpy jaw?

A

(Actinomyces bovis)

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14
Q

What is the treatment for lumpy jaw?

A

(Surgery (lancing and draining) and flushing with iodine)

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15
Q

Will lumpy jaw lesions go away with successful treatment?

A

(No)

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16
Q

What pulmonary sequelae can traumatic pharyngitis cause?

A

(Inhalation pneumonia)

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17
Q

Why does traumatic pharyngitis result in the clinical sign of bloat?

A

(Vagus nerve passes through the pharyngeal area, inflammation of pharynx can affect it and lead to bloat)

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18
Q

When do the permanent I1, I2, I3, and I4 erupt in cattle?

A

(I1 - 1.5yr, I2 - 2.5yr, I3 - 3.5yr, I4 - 4.5yr)

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19
Q

When do the permanent I1, I2, I3, and I4 erupt in sheep and goats?

A

(I1 - 1yr, I2 - 2yr, I3 - 3yr, I4 - 4yr)

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20
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the oral cavity in cats?

A

(Squamous cell carcinoma)

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21
Q

(T/F) Most oral masses in dogs and cats are malignant.

A

(T)

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22
Q

What is the difference between the grade versus the stage of a tumor?

A

(Grade - based on microscopic characteristics of the tumor itself i.e. your biopsy report; stage - based on macroscopic characteristics of the tumor (size, spread, etc.) and the patient i.e. history/physical exam)

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23
Q

Why is staging a patient with a neoplasm important?

A

(Prognosis)

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24
Q

(T/F) If there are pulmonary metastases, regardless of the tumor type, the prognosis is grave.

A

(T)

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25
Q

What is the first line of therapy for most oral masses?

A

(Surgery)

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26
Q

(T/F) All of the common oral neoplasms of dogs are expected to recur if marginally excised.

A

(T)

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27
Q

(T/F) All of the common oral neoplasms of dogs are expected to recur if widely excised.

A

(F)

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28
Q

Drift and malocclusion, ptyalism, TMJ pain, and ranulas are surgical complications of what oropharyngeal neoplasm surgery?

A

(Mandibulectomy)

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29
Q

What is the main surgical complication of maxillectomy?

A

(Oronasal fistulas)

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30
Q

With oral melanomas, are wide excisions alone or wide excision with other therapies (such as radiation, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy) associated with higher survival times?

A

(Wide excision with other therapies has higher survival times)

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31
Q

What location of an oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs has a better prognosis?

A

(More rostral)

32
Q

With oral, non-tonsillar SCC in dogs, are wide excisions alone or wide excision with radiation associated with higher survival times?

A

(They are about the same)

33
Q

Is the grade and biological behavior of oral fibrosarcomas in dogs typically high or low?

Separate answers for grade and biological behavior.

A

(Grade - low, biological behavior (recurrence) - high → ‘hi lo’ phenomena)

34
Q

Do feline oral fibrosarcomas have the ‘hi-lo’ characteristics that canine oral fibrosarcomas show?

A

(No)

35
Q

What is the prognosis for a dog that underwent wide excision of an acanthomatous ameloblastoma mass?

A

(Excellent)

36
Q

What is the hallmark clinical sign for esophageal disease?

A

(Regurgitation)

37
Q

Why might a dog with an esophageal disorder/disease have coughing or dyspnea?

A

(Secondarily to aspiration pneumonia)

38
Q

Is regurgitation passive or active?

A

(Passive)

39
Q

Besides the effort needed by the animal to expel either the vomitus or regurgitant material, how can you tell if they have vomited or regurgitated?

A

(Presence of bile → indicates vomit as opposed to regurg)

40
Q

What are two general causes of esophagitis?

A

(Trauma and chemical injury)

41
Q

What is administered to protect the mucosa in cases of esophagitis?

A

(Sucralfate)

42
Q

What classes of drugs can be administered to reduce acid secretions in causes of acid reflux induced esophagitis?

A

(H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors)

43
Q

What is the purpose of administering metoclopramide in cases of esophagitis? Two answers.

A

(Tightens the lower esophageal sphincter and promotes gastric emptying)

44
Q

What can be done to provide a consistent and adequate source of nutrition by bypassing the esophagus in severe cases of esophagitis?

A

(Feeding tube placement)

45
Q

What are the three intraluminal causes of esophageal obstruction aka ‘choke’?

A

(Foreign bodies, strictures, and masses)

46
Q

What natal structure persists to cause a vascular ring anomaly of the esophagus?

A

(Right 4th aortic arch)

47
Q

What are the three general secondary causes of megaesophagus?

A

(Endocrinopathies, myopathies, and inflammation)

48
Q

What is the term for sudden onset of vomiting related to gastric mucosal insult or inflammation?

A

(Acute gastritis)

49
Q

Listed below are different aspects of history, clinical signs, and physical exam findings that might push you either towards GI causes of vomiting versus systemic causes of vomiting, give the suspected cause (GI versus systemic) for each one:

Abnormalities palpated in GI tract, i.e. mass or thickening

A

(GI)

50
Q

Listed below are different aspects of history, clinical signs, and physical exam findings that might push you either towards GI causes of vomiting versus systemic causes of vomiting, give the suspected cause (GI versus systemic) for each one:

Significant diarrhea in addition to vomiting

A

(GI)

51
Q

Listed below are different aspects of history, clinical signs, and physical exam findings that might push you either towards GI causes of vomiting versus systemic causes of vomiting, give the suspected cause (GI versus systemic) for each one:

Otherwise normal

A

(GI)

52
Q

Listed below are different aspects of history, clinical signs, and physical exam findings that might push you either towards GI causes of vomiting versus systemic causes of vomiting, give the suspected cause (GI versus systemic) for each one:

Seemed ill prior to vomiting

A

(Systemic)

53
Q

Listed below are different aspects of history, clinical signs, and physical exam findings that might push you either towards GI causes of vomiting versus systemic causes of vomiting, give the suspected cause (GI versus systemic) for each one:

Timing of vomiting in relation to eat i.e. only vomiting in association to eating

A

(GI)

54
Q

Listed below are different aspects of history, clinical signs, and physical exam findings that might push you either towards GI causes of vomiting versus systemic causes of vomiting, give the suspected cause (GI versus systemic) for each one:

Signs of systemic disease

A

(Systemic)

55
Q

A patient with acute vomiting may have metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?

A

(Acidosis)

56
Q

A patient with chronic, severe vomiting may have metabolic acidosis or alkalosis in addition to hypokalemia?

A

(Alkalosis)

57
Q

A patient with chronic, severe vomiting may have metabolic alkalosis in addition to hypokalemia.

What else can cause an alkalotic vomiting patient?

A

(Pyloric outflow blockage → foreign body)

58
Q

Listed below are clinicopathologic abnormalities that would indicate systemic causes of vomiting, give the systemic disease that is indicated:

Increased BUN/creatinine, inappropriate urine specific gravity, acidosis

A

(Renal disease)

59
Q

Listed below are clinicopathologic abnormalities that would indicate systemic causes of vomiting, give the systemic disease that is indicated:

Increased ALT, ALP, Total bilirubin

A

(Liver disease)

60
Q

Listed below are clinicopathologic abnormalities that would indicate systemic causes of vomiting, give the systemic disease that is indicated:

Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketonuria, acidosis

A

(Diabetes)

61
Q

Listed below are clinicopathologic abnormalities that would indicate systemic causes of vomiting, give the systemic disease that is indicated:

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, acidosis

A

(Hypoadrenocorticism)

62
Q

Diagnostic imaging is important for cases of vomiting, why?

A

(Will let you know if this patient needs surgery i.e. foreign bodies, masses or if they need supportive care)

63
Q

Should antiemetics be given to a patient who has a suspect foreign body?

A

(No bc it will mask the continued vomiting which can help to get rid of the foreign body or indicate that there is one, only give antiemetics if you’re certain the patient doesn’t have a foreign body)

64
Q

What is chronic vomiting?

A

(Continuous or intermittent vomiting for greater than 2 weeks)

65
Q

What are the three possible causes of chronic gastritis?

A

(Food hypersensitivity, helicobacter infections, or idiopathic)

66
Q

What type of inflammation is associated with food responsive enteropathy?

A

(Lymphoplasmacytic)

67
Q

What is the treatment for food hypersensitivity?

A

(Diet trials with a hydrolyzed or novel protein diet)

68
Q

What is the typical sign of a helicobacter infection?

A

(Chronic vomiting)

69
Q

What is the treatment for helicobacter infections?

A

(Antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor)

70
Q

How is idiopathic chronic gastritis diagnosed?

A

(Biopsy)

71
Q

How is idiopathic chronic gastritis treated?

A

(Change diet +/- immunosuppression depending on response to changed diet)

72
Q

What is the most common gastric neoplasia for dogs?

A

(Adenocarcinomas)

73
Q

What is the most common gastric neoplasia for cats?

A

(Lymphoma)

74
Q

What are more typical causes of chronic GI disease in younger animals? Three answers.

A

(Parasitism, dietary indiscretion, foreign body)

75
Q

What are more typical causes of chronic GI disease in older animals? Two answers.

A

(Neoplastic or inflammatory diseases)

76
Q

What is projectile vomiting indicative of?

A

(Outflow obstruction of some sort)

E&E Exam 1 (6 decks)

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