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E&E Exam 1 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four steps of oral motor function?

A

(Prehension, chewing, initiation of swallowing, and deglutition aka swallowing)

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2
Q

What organ is primarily responsible for food prehension in dogs and cats?

A

(Teeth)

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3
Q

What organ is primarily responsible for food prehension in horses?

A

(Lips)

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4
Q

What organ is primarily responsible for food prehension in ruminants?

A

(Tongue)

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5
Q

What organ is used for water ingestion in dogs and cats?

A

(Tongue)

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6
Q

What organ is used for water ingestion in horses, ruminants, and pigs?

A

(Lips)

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7
Q

What does mucin, which is contained in saliva, facilitate?

A

(Mucin is a slippery protein → facilitates swallowing)

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8
Q

(T/F) Most animal species we work with have limited to absent salivary amylase in their saliva.

A

(T)

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9
Q

What extra substance does ruminant saliva contain which is essential for microbial digestion?

A

(Ruminal buffers)

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is located within the esophagus that allows for wear and tear with each swallow?

A

(Stratified squamous epithelium)

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11
Q

Which two species have skeletal muscle in their upper ⅔ of the esophagus and smooth muscle in the distal 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

(Cats and horses)

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12
Q

What are the two purposes of the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

(Prevents air entry into esophagus during breathing and prevents reflux into pharynx during swallowing)

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13
Q

Which of the esophageal sphincters (upper versus lower) is smooth muscle?

A

(Lower esophageal sphincter)

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14
Q

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the esophagus?

A

(Vagus nerve)

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15
Q

(T/F) Normal esophageal motility is all reflexive.

A

(T)

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16
Q

How do primary and secondary peristalsis differ?

A

(By their stimulus → primary is elicited by swallowing; secondary is elicited by bolus ‘stuck’ in lumen)

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17
Q

What chemical messenger mediates secondary peristalsis?

A

(Acetylcholine)

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18
Q

What portions of the GI tract have striated muscle? Four answers.

A

(Mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and external anal sphincter)

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19
Q

The remaining GI tract has primarily what two types of smooth muscle, with some exceptions?

A

(Circular or longitudinal smooth muscle)

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20
Q

The GI tract past the esophagus has primarily circular or longitudinal smooth muscle with two exceptions.

What are the two exceptions?

A

(Stomach → has oblique muscle, gall bladder → has reticulum/mesh like smooth muscle)

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21
Q

What are the four layers of the GI wall from outer to inner?

A

(Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa)

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22
Q

What does it mean that the GI smooth muscle functions as a syncytium?

A

(They are all connected, work as a group to achieve coordination → one cells depolarizes, it triggers depolarization of the next via gap junctions)

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23
Q

What are the two functions of cyclic contractions?

A

(Permit mixing of GI content and propel GI content)

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24
Q

What are tonic contractions?

A

(Continuous contractions that relax under neural stimulation)

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25
Q

What are the two types of electrical waves in GI smooth muscle?

A

(Slow waves and spike potentials)

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26
Q

Do slow waves cause muscle contraction?

A

(No)

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27
Q

What is the purpose of slow waves?

A

(Make it possible for contractions to be stimulated more easily by raising resting membrane potential closer to the threshold)

28
Q

Where does slow wave electrical activity in the GI tract originate?

A

(Interstitial cells of Cajal)

29
Q

What is the frequency of spike potentials in the GI tract affected by? Two answers, types of stimuli.

A

(Nervous and hormonal stimuli)

30
Q

As you increase the frequency of spike potentials in the GI tract, what effect does this have on contraction of smooth muscle?

A

(Causes stronger contractions)

31
Q

Does acetylcholine trigger depolarization or hyperpolarization in GI smooth muscle?

A

(Depolarization)

32
Q

Does nor/epinephrine trigger depolarization or hyperpolarization in GI smooth muscle?

A

(Hyperpolarization)

33
Q

Are tonic contractions associated with slow waves?

A

(No)

34
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located in the GI tract wall and what is its primary role?

A

(Located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the GI wall, primarily responsible for motility)

35
Q

Although the myenteric plexus is mostly stimulatory, it does have some inhibitory effects on what structures?

A

(Sphincters → decreased sphincter tone causing them to relax)

36
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus located in the GI tract wall and what is its primary role? )

A

(Located between the circular smooth muscle and the submucosa, primarily responsible for secretion, absorption, and local blood flow

37
Q

What nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the orad half of the GI tract?

A

(Vagus nerve)

38
Q

What nerves are responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the aborad half of the GI tract?

A

(Pelvic nerves)

39
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the GI tract originate in the spinal cord?

A

(Thoracolumbar)

40
Q

Cholecystokinin is secreted by I cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum in the presence of what?

A

(Fat)

41
Q

What effect does cholecystokinin have on the gallbladder?

A

(Increases contractility of the gallbladder)

42
Q

What effect does cholecystokinin have on stomach motility?

A

(Inhibits stomach motility)

43
Q

Secretin is secreted by S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum in response to what?

A

(Acid)

44
Q

What effect does secretin have on GI motility?

A

(Mild inhibitory effect on GI motility)

45
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by the mucosa of the upper small intestine in response to what?

A

(Fatty and amino acids)

46
Q

What is the primary stimulus of propulsive movements?

A

(Distension)

47
Q

What is the law of the gut?

A

(Peristaltic reflex moving food in an aborad direction)

48
Q

What cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A

(Parietal cells)

49
Q

Where are parietal cells located, proximal or distal stomach?

A

(Proximal)

50
Q

What cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen?

A

(Chief cells)

51
Q

What cells of the stomach secrete mucus?

A

(Mucous neck cells)

52
Q

What cells of the stomach secrete gastrin and histamine?

A

(Endocrine or enterochromaffin cells)

53
Q

What is the effect of gastrin on the stomach?

A

(Stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion)

54
Q

What receptor on parietal cells does gastrin work at to stimulate HCl acid secretion?

A

(CCK2 receptor)

55
Q

What does pepsinogen need to become pepsin, which then degrades proteins?

A

(Cleavage by hydrochloric acid)

56
Q

What is the effect of secretin on the stomach?

A

(Inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion)

57
Q

What effect does cholecystokinin have on hydrochloric acid secretion?

A

(Inhibits it)

58
Q

What effect do both histamine and acetylcholine have on hydrochloric acid secretion?

A

(Stimulates it)

59
Q

What receptor on parietal cells does histamine work at to stimulate HCl acid secretion?

A

(H2 receptors)

60
Q

Release of acetylcholine to stimulate gastric acid secretion is related to what nerve activity?

A

(Vagus nerve)

61
Q

What is intrinsic factor important for?

A

(B12 absorption in the ileum)

62
Q

What is the release of secretin from duodenal S cells stimulated by?

A

(Gastric acid delivery into the duodenum)

63
Q

Chronic vomiting results in what electrolyte deficiencies? Three answers.

A

(Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia)

64
Q

How does the mucous layer of the stomach protect the wall from the acid?

A

(Mucus holds alkaline fluid, which prevents the acidic fluid from affecting the wall)

65
Q

How do NSAIDs cause GI ulcers?

A

(They block the formation of prostaglandins which are important mediators for mucosal blood flow in the stomach)

66
Q

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

A

(Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal)

67
Q

Of the three phases of gastric activity, which inhibits gastric activity?

A

(Intestinal phase)

E&E Exam 1 (6 decks)

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