Small Intestines, Colon and Appendix A&P, Pathophysiology Flashcards
what is visceral pain
autonomic innervation and stimulated by distention, contraction
-vague pain, dull
not sensing of cutting or more localized pain
what is somatic pain
from the parietal peritoneum, will have more localized discomfort
sharp pain, associated with infection, inflammation
what is inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
peritonitis - BAD
fluid within peritoneum from underlying process
what is diverticulosis
uninflamed diverticula - common cause of acute lower GI bleed (LGIB)
what is diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticulum
commonly associated with micro or gross performations
what is diverticular disease associated with
western diet
decreased fiber intake
what are complication with divertucula
hemorrhage
fistula
inflammation
abscess
perforation
what is Meckels Diverticulum
congenital diverticulum - occurs in utero
m/c at iliosecal valve
typically asymptomatic
what can cause vascular occlusion associated with ischemic bowel disease
atheroscoerosis
aortic aneurysm
clot
what is chronic, relapsing, immunologic disease that is hallmarked by GI upset, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue
inflammatory bowel disease
what is included in IBD
ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
what is the gene associated with UC
HLA_B27
what is the inflammatory response with IBD
T-helper cells and cytokines
increase free radicals (alter DNA)
cellular damage and increased risk of colon cancer
where are defensins secreted
small bowels
how do you test of Ulcerative colitis
P-ANCA
what is localized chronic inflammatory disease
ulcerative colitis
where does UC begin
rectum and spreads proximally thoguh colon
ulcers form wtihin mucosal lining of colon
what is the most common location of crohns disease
ascending colon and ileum
What are the genetic components with Crohns disease
CARD15 or NOD2 gene
what is excessive dilation of the colon
toxic megacolon
what is the result of toxic megacolon
> 6cm diameter colon
increased risk of preforation
leaky gut - translocation of bacteria
where are bowel obstructions most common
small intestine
what are the types of obstruction
mechanical vs pseudoobstruction
what is a pseudo-obstruction
adynamic ileus
what does bowel obstruction lead to
cessation of flow
build up of food stuffs, gas, secretion
distention
malabsorption
volume depletion
electrolyte abnormalities
what is the number one cause of small bowel obstruction
adhesions
what is a ileus
functional obstruction
what are LBO associated wtih
fecal obstruction, tumor, sigmoid volvulus
can be associated with secondary edema/inflammation (diverticulitis, scaring)
what is a volvulus
mal-rotation leading to obstruction
where are volvulus most common
cecum or sigmoid
What is normal transit constipation
difficulty with passage of the stool that is able to make it down the sigmoid
functional constipation
associated with low-fiber diet or low H20
what is low transit constipation
decreased colonic motor activity
idiopathic or secondary cause (DM, autonomic dysfunction, MS, parkinson’s, meds, etc)
what is pelvic floor dysfunction constipation
anal sphincter does not relax
pelvic flood unable to tighten appropriately
may be associated with hemorrhoids or other anal pathology
where is the appendix attached
near ileocecal valve
what is appendicitis most commonly associated with
obstruction
typically with fecolith
what is a tear of the anoderm
anal fissure
what are anal fissures associated with
trauma
constipation
diarrhea
vaginal delivery
crohn’s disease
infectious disease
what seperates the anal canal in half
dentate line
separates vasculature and innervation
