1000ft view gastroenterology Flashcards by Lindsey Dutton

What are the layers of the GI tract

Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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What makes up the mucosa

epithelium and glands that secrete GLP-1, CCK

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what is GLP-1

glucagon-like peptide

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what is CCK

choecystokinin

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what contains the blood and lymphoid tissue

Lamina propria

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What is the MALT

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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What is Peyer’s patches

lymph nodes (larger)

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what is within the submucosa

connective tissue
Meissner plexus which has the autonimic neurons
peyers patches

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what type of musculature is within the muscularis layer of the GI tract

Skeletal (vouluntary) within mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus and external anal sphincter
smooth muscle within inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

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what is the innervation of the muscularis

myenteric plexus of autonimic innervation

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what is the serosa

connective tissue that line the suface of the organ

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what is the bowel encased in

folded peritoneuma

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what is the liver covered by

visceral peritoneum with bare area posteriorly

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what is the goal of the GI tract

mechanical break down of nutrients
further chemical breakdown
absorption
excretion of unneeded elements

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what are proteins broken down into

amino acids
dipeptides
tripeptides

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what are lipids broken down into

fatty acids
monogylcerides
cholesterol

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what are carbohydrates broken down into

glucose
galactose
fructose

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what are the phases of swallowing

oral phase (voluntary)
pharygeal phase (voluntary)
esophageal phase (involuntary)

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what does salivary amylase begin the chemical break down of

complex carbs

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what does lingual lipase begin the break down of

fats

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how much saliva is secreted per day

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what does saliva contain

water
Na+, mucus, bicarbonate, chloride, K+, salivary amylase

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what is the pH of saliva

7.4

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what muscle prevents movement of food into the nasal cavity

superior constrictor muscles of the pharynx

where is the sensory signal for the swallowing center

medulla

what occurs when the UES closes what occurs

LES opens

what initiates peristalsis between longitudinal musculature on outer aspect and inner circular ring musculature

stretch receptors

what are the layers of the muscularis

oblique muscle layer circular muscle layer longitudinal muscle layer

What is the purpose of the stomach

short-term storage reservoir secretion of intrinsic factor chemical and enzymatic digestion initiated

what is food liquidized into

chyme

what is absorbed in the stomach

alcohol and NSAIDs

what causes rhythmic depolarization going toward the pylorus to mix the food in the stomach

pacemaker cells

what is the cephalic phase

stimulation que of food

What is the gastric phase

60% of acid secretion when the food hits the stomach - increases pH

what is the intestinal phase

10% of acid secretion initial movement of food into small intestines

what are the primary area of gastric juice secretion

gastric pits

what is the pH of pepsin

pH of 2

what are the cell types within the stomach

Goblet cells- mucus parietal cells - gastric acid chief cells - pepsinogen D Cells - somatostatin G cells - gastrin

what secretess hydrochloric acid

parietal cells

what does hydrochloric acid break down

proteins into amino acids -acidic environment is inhospitable to bacteria

how much food/fluids can the stomach hold

about 1.5L

where is bile produced

in the liver

what is bile and pancreatic enzymes released through

spincter of Oddi

what stimulates the release of bile/pancreatic enzymes

secretin which is released by duodenum

what does bile assist with

emulsifies fats into droplets which increases its surface area for further breakdown

what is the exocrine pancreas made up of

acini cells - and secrete into ductal system

what does secretin promote

ductal cells to release aqueous secretion

what does amylase break down

starches and glycogen

what does lipase break down

fats

what makes up the small intestin

duodenum jejunum ileum

what is the purpose of the small intestine

primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption vast absorptive surface

what is the Ligament of Treitz

separates jejunum from duodenum

what is the purpose of the circular inner musculature

segmentations

what is the purpose of the longitudinal outer layer of musculature

peristalsis

where does absorption occur

within the villi covered in microvilli together = brush border

what is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum

magnesium and phosphate

what is the ileocecal valve

sphincter between the ends of ileum and cecum of large intestines

how long is the large intestine

1.5 meters long

what is within the large intestine

cecum (with appendix) ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus