Oral Cavity, Esophagus and Stomach A&P, Pathophysiology

Question 1

what occurs at the area of weakness in the musculature of the esophagus

Answer 1

esophageal diverticula

Question 2

what is the most common Esophageal diverticula

Answer 2

Zenker

Question 3

where is Zeker located

Answer 3

weakness/out pouching of mucosa through Killian’s triangle
weak area of the surrounding musculature
inferior to inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle posterior to cricoid cartilage

Question 4

what is halotosis

Answer 4

bad breath

Question 5

what is the vasculature for the upper 1/3 of the esophagus

Answer 5

inferior thyroid vein

Question 6

what does the Azygos vein innervate

Answer 6

thoracic esophagus
drains into SVC

Question 7

what are esophageal varices associated with

Answer 7

increased portal pressure of the venous system

Question 8

what can cause increased pressure in venous system

Answer 8

persinusoidal
sinusoidal**
postsinusoidal

Question 9

what does the bile ductule, branch of portal vein and brach of hepatic arty make up

Answer 9

Triad

Question 10

what increases the risk of bleeding with esophageal varices

Answer 10

size
location
pressure for the patient
continued drinking
excess strain on the veins

Question 11

where does an upper GI bleed come from

Answer 11

blood from above the ligament of Treitz

Question 12

where does an lower GI bleed come from

Answer 12

below ligament of Treitz

Question 13

what is an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 13

gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

Question 14

what is inflammation and irritation/breakdown of the esophageal lining

Answer 14

esophagitis

Question 15

what are risk factors for GERD

Answer 15

ETOH
Caffeine
smoking
hernia
increased gastric pressure
NSAIDs

Question 16

what is the presentation of GERD

Answer 16

heartburn
chronic cough
asthma attack
laryngitis
pain after eating
pain when laying down
difficulty swallowing

Question 17

what is a flagillated gram negative spirochete

Answer 17

H. pylori

Question 18

how is h. pylori transmitted

Answer 18

fecal-oral transmission, typically as a kid

Question 19

what gene can h. pylori suppress

Answer 19

tp53: tumor suppressing gene

Question 20

what are complications with GERD

Answer 20

strictures
barretts esophagus
adenocarcinoma
aspiration
ulceration-> bleeding
cough
asthma
sinusitis

Question 21

what is an esophageal stricture

Answer 21

inflammation disorder leading to scar tissue formation, formation during healing process of other primary disease processes

Question 22

where are esophageal strictures most common at

Answer 22

GE junction

Question 23

What is a Schatzki ring

Answer 23

ring of dense membranous tissue
causes sudden reduction in diameter of the lumen of esophagus

Question 24

what is a pre-malignant cellular change in the esophagus

Answer 24

barrett’s esophagus

Question 25

what is a longitudinal tear through mucosal layer of the esophagus associated with repeated emesis

Answer 25

mallory-weiss tear

Question 26

what is antibody mediated attach of the myenteric plexus

Answer 26

achalasia

Question 27

what is inflammation of the stomach lining

Answer 27

gastritis

Question 28

what disrupts the barrier with gastritis

Answer 28

H.pylori
NSAIDs
ETOH
immunologica causes (chronic)

Question 29

what is a breakdown in the protective living of the mucosal lining assocaited with NSAID< H/pylori, ASA, ETOH, smoking

Answer 29

Peptic ulcers

Question 30

what is a herination of the upper stomach through the diaphragm

Answer 30

hiatal hernia

Question 31

what causes hiatal hernia

Answer 31

short esophagus
fibrosis
diaphragm pathology