Small animal vaccination and pet travel Flashcards
What are the reasons to vaccinate?
- Responsible pet ownership – annually, get a full health check up
- Having an annual check up with a vet means we can spot other clinical disease earlier
- Maintains a healthy pet population
- Reduces deaths
- Reduces incidence of zoonoses
- Validates insurance policies
How are maternally derived antibodies derived?
From the dam via colostrum
What is the importance of maternally derived antibodies?
Passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulins is VITAL for protection of the neonate against respiratory, enteric and systemic infection
How do maternally derived antibodies affect vaccination?
- MDA inhibit the development neonatal immunoglobulins until the maternally-derived antibodies have been degraded
- A neonates’ immune system cannot respond effectively to vaccination until MDAs have waned off (can take several months)
What are the 3 types of vaccine?
- Modified live
- Killed
- Recombinant
Describe each of the 3 types of vaccine
- Modified live: contain a virus that has been modified to lose its disease-causing ability (attenuation)
- Killed: attenuated through a process that results in their death
- Recombinant: part of the genetic sequence of the virus/bacterium are isolated that encode immunogenic proteins in patients
Give an examples of each of the 3 vaccine types
- Modified live = smallpox
- Killed = L4
- Recombinant = FeLV
What are the BSAVA’s 4 canine core vaccines?
- Distemper
- Hepatitis
- Parvovirus
- Leptospirosis
Describe the features of canine distemper virus including:
- Route of infection
- Incubation period
- Clinical signs
ROI = inhalation
Incubation = 3-10 days
Clinical signs:
- Respiratory, alimentary, oculo-nasal signs 2 wks post infection
- Neurological signs 4 wks post infection
- Hyperkeratosis of nose and foot pads around 3 months post infection
Canine infectious hepatitis is caused by which virus?
Canine adenovirus 1
Canine adenovirus 2 is associated with?
Respiratory disease (Kennel cough complex)
Describe the features of canine infectious hepatitis including:
- Route of infection
- Dogs affected
- Clinical signs
ROI = saliva, faeces, urine
Affects dogs less than 6 months old
Clinical signs:
- ‘blue eye’ (20% of cases), pyrexia, lethargy, cranial abdominal pain, V/D
Describe the features of canine parvovirus including:
- Route of infection
- Incubation period
- Clinical signs
ROI = Faeco-oral (HIGHLY INFECTIOUS)
Incubation = 4-7 days
Clinical signs:
- lethargy, vomiting, profuse diarrhoea (haemorrhagic)
How can canine parvovirus be efficiently diagnosed?
Faecal snap - result in 8 minutes
How do positive cases of canine parvovirus need to be treated?
Isolation, intense medical support
Leptospirosis has the zoonotic potential to cause which disease in human?
Weil’s disease
Where are leptiosprires secreted from?
Rodent urine and can then survive in water for months
Describe the features of Leptospirosis including:
- Route of infection
- Clinical signs
ROI = ingestion of infected urine from dog or rat or rat bites
Clinical signs:
- Vary from subacute ⟺ renal/hepatic damage depending on serovar and host immunity
- Acute/subacute jaundice, haemorrhagic syndrome, uraemic syndrome, chronic active hepatitis
How is leptospirosis diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis - clinical signs, culture/microscopy from blood/urine/tissue, MAT, PCR, ELISA (SNAP)
- Treatment: supportive and IV penicillins
Describe the lepto-2 vaccine and its dosing
- Active immunization of dogs against 2 strains of leptospira
- Interval of 2-4 weeks between 1st and 2nd vaccination
What is the main benefit of lepto-2 vaccine?
Allows early puppy socialisation due to short dosing interval
Describe the lepto-4 vaccine and its dosing
- Active immunization of dogs against 4 strains of leptospira
- Interval of 4 weeks between 1st and 2nd vaccination
What is the importance of lepto being a killed vaccine?
It requires annual vaccination
What are the 2 components of kennel cough?
- Canine parainfluenza virus
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
Describe vaccination of canine parainfluenza
- Live attenuated injectable vaccine exists to reduce clinical signs and viral shedding – not prevention
- Licensed from 8 weeks of age, recommended to give another dose 2-4 weeks later
- If a dog is getting intra-nasal KC then there is no requirement for injectable vaccine
Describe the features of Kennel cough including:
- Route of infection
- Clinical signs
- ROI = inhalation (highly infectious)
- Clinical signs: sudden-onset honking goose cough, upper resp signs, tracheitis
Describe the onset of immunity post-vaccination for both components of kennel cough
- B. bronchiseptica immunity 72 hours post vaccination
- CPi immunity 3 weeks post vaccination
Herpes vaccination is only licenced in?
Pregnant bitches
- vaccinate the dam to give passive immunity to pups
What is the dosing schedule of the 3 herpes virus vaccinations?
First injection: Either during heat or 7 – 10 days after the presumed date of mating.
Second injection: 1 to 2 weeks before the expected date of whelping.
Revaccination: during each pregnancy, according to the same schedule.
Describe the vaccination schedule for DHP
- 1st vaccination with DHP at 6-8 weeks old
- 2nd vaccination with DHP 2-4 weeks later (must be at least 10wks old)
- Primary booster vaccine at 1 year old with DHP, then every 3 years
Describe the vaccination schedule for Lepto and KC
- Lepto initial dose at 8 weeks and then 2-4 weeks later and then annually (L4 must be 4 weeks old)
- Intranasal KC given at 8 weeks then annually (sometimes left till later as a lot for 1st puppy visit, can wait until 12 weeks!)
What are the 3 feline core vaccines?
- Feline panleukopenia (FPV)
- Feline herpes virus
- Feline calicivirus
Which viruses are responsible for cat flu?
- Feline herpes virus
- Feline calicivirus
What are the two non-core feline vaccines?
- Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
- Rabies
Describe the features of Cat flu including:
- Route of infection
- Clinical signs
ROI = nasal, oral or conjunctival, also sharing of food bowls
Clinical signs:
- rhinitis, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, sneezing
What are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus?
Chronic gingivitis/stomatitis Lingual ulceration (90% + on PCR swab) and polyarthritis/transient limp
What are the clinical signs of feline herpes virus?
- corneal ulceration, chemosis, punctate keratitis (uptake of green stain when placed in the eye)
Which feline core virus can produce life long carriers?
Feline herpes virus
Where does feline panleucopenia virus attack in the body?
- Attacks rapidly dividing cells
- Intestinal epithelium → diarrhoea and vomiting as well as weight loss
- No crypts in the villi so no absorption
- Bone marrow → panleucopenia
- Foetuses → cerebellar hypoplasia, hypermetria
Feline panleucopenia virus is similar to which canine virus?
Canine parvovirus -2
Feline panleucopenia is caused by feline parvovirus
Describe the features of Feline leukaemia virus including:
- Route of infection
- Clinical signs
ROI = Primarily saliva
Clinical signs: Immunosuppression, concurrent infections, anaemia, neoplasia
How is feline leukaemia virus diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis: easy SNAP test from blood (positive result in a healthy cat is suspicious, re-test 12 wks later incase of ‘regressor’ response)
Treatment: supportive treatment for recurrent infections, ensure FeLV positive cats are neutered and are indoor-only
TriCat contains which vaccines?
Panleukopenia
Herpes
Calicivirus
Describe a feline vaccination schedule
- 9 weeks old (1st vac): TriCat (panleukopenia, herpes and calicivirus) +/- FeLV
- 12 weeks old (2nd vac): TriCat +/- FeLV
- 1 year old (primary booster) - TriCat +/- FeLV
- 2 year old – Ducat
- 3 year old – Ducat
- 4 year old – TriCat +/- FeLV
Ducat contains which vaccines?
Herpes and Calicivirus
Describe the restart protocol for canine vaccines
Viral dog vaccines (DHPPi) require a single dose of vaccine to re-start
Leptospirosis DOI wanes rapidly after 1 year, thus full re-start optimal
Canine re-start vaccination protocol:
- 1st re-start: DHPPi + L4
- 4 wks later: L4
What can occur at the injection site in cats?
Feline Injection Site Sarcoma
Describe the 3-2-1 rule for monitoring post-vaccine reaction
- 3 months: any mass at site of injection 3 mo or more after vaccination
- 2cm: any mass being more than 2cm in diameter after vaccination
- 1 month: any mass which increases in size 1 mo after vaccination
How can feline injection site sarcomas be prevented?
- Vaccinate only as frequently as necessary
- Allow vaccines to reach room-temp prior to administering as may reduce inflammatory response
- Vaccinate in the distal limbs as radical surgical removal easier via amputation
Animal health certificates are issued by?
Official veterinarians
Pet dog/cat/ferret can enter UK if?
- Microchipped
- Has a pet passport
- Has been vaccinated against rabies
- Dogs had tapeworm tx (praziquantel or equivalent) 24-120 hours prior to returning to UK
If an animal is coming from an unlisted country what must it have alongside a rabies vaccine?
A blood titre test
An animal must travel within how many days of an animal health certificate being issued?
10
How long does an animal health certificate last?
4 months
What are the clinical signs of rabies?
Behavioural changes, hypersalivation → aggression/hyperexcitation → paralysis and death
Describe the vaccination schedule for rabies and how long after a vaccine can an animal travel?
- Vaccine takes 21 days to achieve immunity, therefore can’t travel until 21 days post vaccination
- Booster every 3 years but some countries annually (check with country requirements)
