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Small animal clinical exam Flashcards

1
Q

What re the 4 steps of a small animal clinical exam?

A

SOAP

  • subjective examination
  • objective examination
  • assess findings
  • plan
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2
Q

What can be assessed during the subjective examination?

A
  • Body condition
  • Demeanour
  • Gait
  • Behaviour
  • DUDE
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3
Q

What does DUDE stand for?

A

Drinking
Urinating
Defecating
Eating

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4
Q

What is an objective examination?

A

Clinical examination findings eg temp, Hr RR mucous membrane colour etc

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5
Q

How should you go about carrying out the objective examination?

A
  • logical and systematic way
  • need to be thorough and investigate an animal completely
  • Cranial => caudal
  • By body system
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6
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed at the head?

A
  • Head and neck posture
  • Symmetry: muscle atrophy, swellings
  • Discharge: ocular, nasal, ears (amount and type)
  • Cranial nerves: menace reflex, palpebral reflex, eye position
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7
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the eyes?

A
  • symmetry, position
  • discharge
  • eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, iris, pupil
  • test reflexed: Pupillary light response, menace (blinks when threatened)
  • vision
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8
Q

What can be used to check for corneal ulcers?

A

Fluorescein

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9
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the nose?

A
  • Nasal discharge: Unilateral / bilateral / blood / serous / mucopurulent
  • Airflow
  • swelling
  • depigmentation, crusting, ulceration
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10
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the mouth?

A
  • mucous membrane
  • CRT
  • lip symmetry
  • teeth
  • tongue: paralysis, ulcers
  • inflammation
  • neoplasia
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11
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the ears?

A
  • Haematoma: swollen with blood (fat ear)
  • Hyperplastic change
  • Neoplasia
  • External and internal surfaces, skin lesions, hair loss, ulceration, masses
  • Discharge
  • Wax
  • Otoscopy
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12
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the neck?

A
  • Palpate larynx and trachea
  • Thyroid glands
  • lymph nodes: facial, mandibular, prescapular
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13
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the abdomen?

A
  • Assess size, shape of these organs along with any pain associated with palpation
  • Ascites
  • Distention
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14
Q

Where in the abdomen would you palpate to feel the following organs:

  1. liver
  2. stomach and spleen
  3. kidneys
  4. small intestine
  5. bladder
A
  1. Under costal arch
  2. Left side cranially
  3. Mid abdomen - left is more caudal
  4. Mid abdomen can start dorsal and let fall through fingers as go ventrally
  5. Caudal abdomen
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15
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the skin?

A
  • Masses
  • External parasites
  • Alopecia
  • Lesions
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16
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Point of maximal intensity
  • Identify first/second heart sound
  • Muffled heart sounds
  • Rhythm, Murmurs, Extra heart beats
  • Heart rate
17
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the respiratory system?

A
  • Abnormal sounds: crackles, wheezes

- Rate

18
Q

Panting in cats is associated with?

A

Severe respiratory distress

19
Q

What are the normal HR ranges for dogs and cats?

A 
Dogs = 70-140
Cats = 145-200
20
Q

What do each of the 4 heart sounds represent

A 
S1 = closure of mitral and tricuspid calves
S2 = closure of pulmonic and aortic valves
S3 = Rapid ventricular filling (HCM in cats), diastolic overload, PDA in puppies
S4 = Ventricular hypertrophy (HCM)
21
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the male reproductive system?

A
  • Penis: Trauma, masses, petechia
  • Prepuce: Discharge
  • Testis: symmetry, firmness, both descended
22
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when examining the female reproductive system?

A
  • Mammary glands: swelling, heat, masses, discharge
  • Vulva: swelling, colour, discharge
  • Vagina
23
Q

During the objective exam what is assessed when a rectal exam is carried out?

A

Use index or middle finger, LUBRICATION and gloves

  • Pelvic canal
  • prostate
  • masses
  • perineal region
  • anal sacs
24
Q

What occurs in the assessment of findings?

A
  • Look at all clinical findings
  • Try and explain all findings
  • Decide which are significant
  • Make a problem list
  • Make a differential diagnosis list
25
Q

What should you consider when making your plan?

A
  • Stabilisation
  • Further investigation
  • Treatment
  • Client education
26
Q

What needs to be discussed when talking about the plan with a client?

A
  • Explanation of each problem
  • Disease course
  • Likely outcomes/Prognosis
  • Treatment
  • Costs: now and ongoing

Y3 MOD (23 decks)

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