Investigation of Urinary Tract Disease Flashcards
What is the rate of urine production?
1-2ml per kg per hour
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Caudo-dorsal section in the trigone
Name the 3 sections of the male urethra
Pelvic
Membranous
Penile
What are the 6 radiographical roentgen signs?
- Size
- Shape
- Location
- Number
- Margination
- Opacity
How do normal kidneys appear on a radiograph
- Retroperitoneal cavity
- Right is more cranial (T13)
- Left (L1-L3)
- Length:
Dogs = 2.5 - 3.5 x the length of L2
Cats = 2.5 - 3 x the length of L2
Give 3 examples of negative contrast agents
- Room air
- Carbon dioxide
- Nitrous oxide
Give 2 examples of positive contrast agents
- Barium
- Iodine
Increased opacity of the kidney is indicative of?
Cysts, Abscesses, neoplasia
What are the indications for using intravenous urography?
- Evaluation of kidneys and ureters
- Indirect assessment of renal function
- Investigation of uroabdomen
- Investigation of urinary incontinence
- Investigations of upper tract haematuria
What are the contraindications of using intravenous urography?
- Renal failure
- Dehydration
- Hypotension
- Hypovolaemia
Explain how you would perform intravenous urography
- General anaesthesia
- Plain abdominal radiographs
- Intravenous injection of contrast medium
- Abdominal views at regular intervals
Describe the 3 phases during intravenous urography
- Angiogram: contrast is seen in the great vessels
- Nephrogram: contrast is taken up and opacifies the kidneys
- Pyelogram: contrast is seen in the renal pelvis
What are the 4 indications for using cystography?
- Haematuria
- Dysuria
- Urine retention
- Incontinence
What is cystography?
- Involves assessment of the bladder location and integrity
- Assessment of bladder wall and mucosa
- Presence of calculi
- Negative contrast / Positive contrast / double contrast
How would you perform pneumocystography?
- Urinary catheter placement to put gas into the bladder
- Room air or Carbon dioxide or Nitrous oxide
- Gently palpate bladder while injecting, radiograph when feels moderately distended
- Don’t over-distend bladder
- L lateral recumbency
When can pneumocystography not be performed?
Don’t if ruptured bladder, mucosal trauma or haemorrhage
Double contrast cystography is a combination of?
pneumocystography and positive contrast cystography
What are the indications for use of retrograde urethrography?
Assessing the lower urinary tract
- Haematuria
- Dysuria
- Lower urinary tract obstruction
- Urethral disease
- Prostatic disease
- Penile disease
How is a retrograde urethrography performed?
- Catheterise urethra and empty bladder
- Tip of the catheter (prefilled with contrast medium) in the penile urethra
- Inject 5-10ml, 150mg/ml
- Take radiographs while injecting! Advance catheter and repeat radiographs
Name the following terms:
- Bright on ultrasound
- Dark grey on ultrasound
- Black on ultrasound (fluid)
- hyperechoic
- hypoechoic
- anechoic
What are some biopsy methods for the urinary tract?
- Fine needle aspirate
- Catheter suction
- Surgical
