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Clinical Anatomy > small animal thorax and diaphragm > Flashcards

small animal thorax and diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

the trachea extends from the _______ of the larynx to the _______ in the thorax

A

cricoid cartilage
bifurcation

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2
Q

the tracheal ______ lies at the crest of the bifurcation

A

carnia

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3
Q

the open part of the C shaped hylanine cartilage is bridged by ______ muscle

A

trachealis

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4
Q

the cartilage rings of the trachea are united by ________

A

annular ligaments

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5
Q

what type of cartilage makes up the bronchi

A

hyaline

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6
Q

where does the bronchial tree begin

A

at the bifurcation of the trachea

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7
Q

the bronchial tree starts with the R+L principal bronchi and then each bronchus divides into _______ bronchi that then divisde into _______ bronchi

A

lobar
segmental

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8
Q

what makes bronchioles distinct from the bronchi

A

they lack hylaine cartilage

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9
Q

respiratory bronchioles give rise to alveolar _____ and ______ and pulmonary ______

A

ducts, sacs, pulmonary alveoli

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10
Q

what breeds are predisposed to tracheal collapse

A

middle aged toy breeds, yorkies, poms

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11
Q

Grade I, II and III tracheal collapse

A

Grade I:
lumen size reduced by 25%
Grade II: by 50%
Grade III: by 75%

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12
Q

medical management for grade I and II tracheal collapse

A
  • weight loss
  • harness not collars
  • avoid respiratory irritants
  • steroids, antiussives (cough suppressants), bronchiodilators, sedatives
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13
Q

the opening into the cranial part of the thoracic cavity

A

thoracic inlet

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14
Q

central compartment of the thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum

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15
Q

where is the cardiac notch

A

right lung

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16
Q

explain alveolar pattern

A

air within alveoli is replaced with a denser material which increases opacity

Lobar sign- sharp margin created when a lobe with increased opacity abuts a normally aerated lobe that has less opacity
airbronchograms

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17
Q

explain bronchial pattern

A

bronchial wall thickness is increased by cellular or fluid infiltration

Ring shadows
tram lines

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18
Q

interstitial patterns of the lung can be ______ or _______

A

structured - nodular or mass lesions in lung
unstructured - excess fluid, cellular ingrowth, or infiltration into supporting interstitial framework of lung

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19
Q
A

tracheal collapse

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20
Q
A

alveolar pattern
air bronchograms

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21
Q
A

bronchial pattern
ring shadows
tram lines

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22
Q
A

structured interstitial pattern
pulomary module superimposed on heart

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23
Q

lung pattern characterized by an increased background opacity of the lung

A

unstructured interstitial

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24
Q

what artery on the heart seperates the L atrium from the L ventricle

A

Left coronary grrove

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25
Q

heart sac, fibroserous envelope of the heart

A

pericardium

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26
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pericardium

A

fibrous - tough outer sac that contains the serous pericardium and a small amount of fluid
Serous (parietal and visceral)
Parietal - covers inner surface of fibrous pericardium
visceral - epicardium, attaches to the heart muscle

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27
Q

what heart muscles prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves

A

papillary

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28
Q

papillary muscles attach to valves via ______

A

chordae tendinae

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29
Q

what valve separates left atrium and left ventricle

A

mitral (aka bicuspid)

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30
Q

what valve separates R atrium and R ventricle

A

tricuspid

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31
Q

systole

A

heart contracts and pumps blood from chambers into arteries

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32
Q

Diastole

A

heart relaxes and allows chambers to fill with blood

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33
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A

failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth
results in cough, labored breathing, left sided congestive heart failure

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34
Q

what breeds are predisposed to PDA

A

maltese, poodles, poms, Bichon Frise, chihuahuas, german shepherds

35
Q

PDA treatment

A

surgical ligation or occlusion device

36
Q

heart disease that causes inadequate circulation of blood to peripheral tissues

A

heart failure

37
Q

what are the 3 categories of heart failure

A
  • myocardial failure / systolic dysfunction
  • valvular regurgitation or obstruction –> volume overload
  • increased myocardial stiffness/diastolic dysfunction
38
Q

what is the most common cause of pericardial effusion

A

neoplasia

39
Q

pericardial effusion can cause …

A

cadiac tamponade
- decreased venous return, ventricular filling, CO
- results in cardiogenic shock

40
Q

where is a pericardiocentesis performed

A

cardiac notch
between Right 4th-6th intercostal space

41
Q

lympahtic glandular organs that makes T cells

A

thymus

42
Q

where is the thymus located

A

in the chest cavity, cranial to heart

43
Q

removal of fluid or air from the pleural space

A

thoracocentesis

44
Q

where is a throracocentesis done and why

A

middle of chest due to the presence of the epaxial muscles dorsally

45
Q

why might you place a thoracostomy tube

A

manage pleural effusion or pneumothorax
post operative

46
Q

3 parts of the diaphragm

A

lumbar
costal
sternal

47
Q

part of diaphragm that forms the R and L crura; tendinous attachments to L3 and L4

A

lumbar

48
Q

part of diaphragm from the medial surface of ribs 8-13; interdigitates w/ transversus abdominus muscle

A

costal

49
Q

diaphragm portion that makes up the dorsal surface of the sternum

A

sternal diaphram

50
Q

Abnormal development of the transverse septum of the diaphragm; congenital communication b/w pericardial and peritoneal sacs

A

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)

51
Q

what major nerve has parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, GI

A

Vagus

52
Q

what major nerve provides motor control of the diaphragm

A

phrenic

53
Q

how many openings are there through the diaphragm? name them

A

3
* Caval foramen
* Esophageal hiatus
* aortic hiatus

54
Q

what lung pattern would you expect to see air bonchograms

A

alveolar

55
Q

which heart valves contain papillary muscles

A
56
Q

lung lobe that leans more to the R side

A

accessory

57
Q

technique to find the center of the heart

A

push the olecranon up against the chest wall

58
Q

what heart valve is found around the 5th intercostal space

A

mitral

59
Q

what heart valve is found around the 4th intercostal space

A

tricuspid

60
Q

the great coronary vein seperates…

A

atrium from ventricle

61
Q

do the semilunar valves have papillary muscle

A

no

62
Q

each lung lobe has an _______, _______ and ______ associated with it

A

artery, bronchus, and vein

63
Q

what is the purpose of the ductus arteriosis during pregnancy

A

Oxygenated blood comes in from mother straight into fetal circulation because lungs not functioning prior to birth

64
Q

state of diminished cardiac function that results in increased venous pressure and accumulation of edema fluid

A

congestive heart failure

65
Q

cupula

A

dome shaped area that pushes into thorax with air pressure

66
Q

the tendinous structures that extend from the diaphragm to the vertebral column

A

crus

67
Q
A
67
Q

why does R sided heart failure result in fluid in the abdomen

A

fluid backs up in vena cava, causes swelling and leakiness which results in fluid collecting in abdomen

68
Q

explain why L sided heart failure causes pulmonary edema

A

fluid coming from lungs gets backed up, seeps out into lungs

69
Q
A

pulmonary congestion, enlarged pulmonary vessels from the excess fluid

70
Q
A

pericardial effusion

71
Q
A

diaphragmatic hernia
traumatic or congenital

72
Q
A

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)

  • congenital communication bw pericardial and peritoneal spaces
  • abnormal development of the transverse septum of the diaphragm
73
Q

most common cause of alveolar pattern

A

pneumonia, pulmonary edema

74
Q

most common cause of bronchial pattern

A

allergic airway disease

75
Q

most common cause of interstitial pattern

A

nodules and masses

76
Q

Right sided congestive heart failure is associated with fluid buildup where

A

abdomen
blood leaks back into R atrium from R ventricle instead of making it to lungs to be oxygenated

77
Q

Left sided congestive heart failure is associated with fluid buildup where

A

in the lungs = pulmonary edema
blood backed up in vessels that deliver blood to the LV

78
Q

state of diminished cardiac function that results in increased venous pressure and accumulation of edema fluid

A

congestive heart failure; fluid buildup causes vessels to distend = pulmonary congestion

79
Q

why is it necessary to make a thoracostomy tub ‘tunneled’

A

Tunneling under the skin allows for SQ to act as a barrier to keep air from coming out or going into chest uncontrolled

80
Q

reasons for placing a thoracostomy tube

A

Management of pleural effusion or pneumothorax

81
Q

tendinous structures that extend from the diaphragm to the vertebral column

A

crus

82
Q

In a left lateral view, the left crus is more ______
and the stomach is always right next to it

A

cranial

Clinical Anatomy (7 decks)

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