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Theriogenology > Small animal reproduction > Flashcards

Small animal reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a bitch?

A

a female dog older than 6 months

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2
Q

What is an intact male called?

A

stud dog/dog

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3
Q

What is the definition of reduced fertility?

A

ability to reproduce but at a rate below that considered regular for that species

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4
Q

What is the definition for fertility

A

ability to reproduce in a regular manner characteristic of species

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5
Q

what is infertility

A

temporary inability to reproduce

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6
Q

what is sterility?

A

complete and permanent inability to reproduce

NOT treatable

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7
Q

What is puberty?

A

age at which repro organs become functional and reproduction could occur

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8
Q

What is superfetation?

A

fetuses of different ages
must have preg animal that comes into estrus and subsequently bred/conceives
queen, not reported in dog

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9
Q

What is superfecundation?

A

fetuses sired by more than 1 male, conceived in one estrus period
common in bitch

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10
Q

When is puberty indicated in dog and cat?

A

first estrus period

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11
Q

When do small breed dogs start puberty?

A

6-10 months

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12
Q

When do large breed dogs start puberty

A

18-24 months

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13
Q

What is the most common sign of estrus in dogs?

A

‘spotting’/bleeding

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14
Q

What can affect the occurance of puberty or the apparent occurance?

A
  1. breed
  2. silent heat, split heat that is potentially fertile but not noted
  3. coat length–hides bleeding
  4. presence of male–first estrus more apparent or actually hasten it
  5. housed together synchrony–intact females, may reach puberty slightly earlier
  6. free roaming vs kenneled–free roaming more sexual stimulation if body condition good can enter puberty sooner
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15
Q

What is the characteristics of the estrous cycle in the bitch

A

monoestrus
nonseasonal except besenji
interestrous interval average 7-8 months

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16
Q

What is the variation of the interestrus interval?

A

average 7-8 months
4-5 month min
12 months max

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17
Q

Is the interestrous interval affected by the birth of a litter of puppies?

A

no

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18
Q

is interestrous interval usually consistent/constant within a dog?

A

yes (relatively consistent)

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19
Q

When do dogs show an estrus potentially?

A

throughout year
more dogs tend to have in late winter/early spring
conception rates may be higher in spring

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of dog estrous cycle?

A

proestrus, estrus, metestrus (diestrus), anestrus

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21
Q

What is the luteal phase in canine called?

A

metestrus/diestrus

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22
Q

When does the animal exhibit estrus behavior (canine)

A

bridges proestrus and estrus

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23
Q

What is proestrus in the canine (features)

A

follicular phase when follicles are growing and producing estradiol
edema
hemorrhagic vaginal discharge
behavior

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24
Q

What is the duration of proestrus in canine?

A

average 7-10 days

range 4-25 days

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25
Q

What is the pattern of estradiol in proestrus?

A

rises rapidly then falls near estrus

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26
Q

What are the features of canine estrus?

A

both follicular and luteal phase
edema of vulva–>flaccid, swollen
less hemorrhage
(follicles start to lutealize even before ovulation!!!)
behavior–receptive to nonreceptive and estrus concludes

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27
Q

What is the duration of canine estrus?

A

3-10 days (range 2-15)

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28
Q

What are the features of the canine luteal phase?

A

normal sized vulva

discharge mucoid to dark brown colour, then stops

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29
Q

What is the duration of the luteal phase in the non pregnant vs pregnant dog?

A

in nonpregnant dog tends to be longer 70-80 days, in pregnant dog it is shorter

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30
Q

Is there much difference between pregnant and nonpregant dogs in the luteal phase?

A

no

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31
Q

What are the similarities in hormone profiles between preg and pseudopreg animals?

A

the LH surge basically the same

progesterone levels similar (higher mid diestrus in pseudopreg animal?)

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32
Q

What is anestrus?

A

period of quiescence between end of diestrus and onset of next proestrus
vulva shrinks in size

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33
Q

What is the duration of anestrus?

A

4-5 months

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34
Q

Are female dogs receptive during anestrus?

A

no but they may be submissive to a male

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35
Q

What is the difference in ovulation between younger and older dogs?

A

younger dogs may ovulate earlier but really it may just be that older experienced dogs show estrus earlier than younger dogs so seems as though younger dogs ovulate sooner

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36
Q

What is important in most accurately predicting ovulation

A

by knowing the timing of the ovulation

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37
Q

What is occuring endocrinologically during anestrus?

A

some FSH, LH activity, estrogen activity, progesterone levels baseline. different than other species in anestrus

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38
Q

When does uterine involution occur in non-preg vs preg animals?

A

non-preg: 110-130d after proestrus

preg 90 days post partum

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39
Q

what is often overlooked in breeding management in the dog?

A

domestic dogs don’t pair for life, may not be mutually attracted and therefore some management necessary!!

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40
Q

What should you do with pups to encourage good breeding dogs?

A

allow socializaiton and stimulate sexual desire–mounting non-estrus bitches or other males

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41
Q

What is the ideal first mating for a young male?

A

a mature female which is receptve

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42
Q

What might cause psychological impotence

A

constant restraint

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43
Q

What are the important steps of natural mating in dogs?

A
  1. female must be in STANDING HEAT
  2. period of socializing–sniff, play
  3. mount/dismount
  4. intromission and vestibular muscle contract
  5. 3 fractions are ejaculated
  6. stepping over
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44
Q

What is the first stage of coitus

A

hop on

thrusting

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45
Q

What happens when the male is fully erect?

A

they are “tied”

usually occurs after visible thrusting

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46
Q

When does ejaculation occur?

A

after animals are “tied”

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47
Q

What occurs with stepping over?

A

the male dismounts but still tied together

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48
Q

what are the fractions of canine ejaculate?

A
  1. 1st fraction preseminal fluid
  2. fraction sperm rich (usually tied by this time)
  3. prostatic fluid
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49
Q

What are the amounts of the fractions of canine ejaculate?

A
  1. 0.5-2mL
  2. 0.5-3.5mL
    3rd 3-20mL
50
Q

What is the purpose of the 3rd fraction?

A

sperm transport. important in natural mating, not usually included in AI because sperm deposited into uterus?

51
Q

What is the most common problem for issues when trying for natural mating in dogs

A

timing

52
Q

HOw can you determine ovulation

A
  1. vaginal cytology

2. LH determination

53
Q

why should breeding happen after ovulation in dogs?

A

becuase the oocyte takes a couple days to mature

54
Q

What is the key event during canine estrus???? *imp

A

LH surge!!!!

55
Q

When is the optimum time to breed in natural mating dogs?

A

4-5 days post LH

2-3 days post ovulation

56
Q

When does ovulation occur relative to LH surge?

A

48 hrs (2 days)

57
Q

What are the uses of vaginal cytology?

A

can determine

  1. when to breed or send bitch to stud
  2. when fertile period is over–ovulation has happened, estrus is ending
  3. whelping date
  4. when to begin termination of preg protocol
  5. anovulation–female in estrus that fails to ovulate, split estrus
58
Q

Is usually just one vaginal cytology done?

A

no, usually serial

59
Q

How is pregnancy terminated with PGF2alpha?

A

prostaglandin 2 alpha IM and bromocriptine PO twice daily from days 6-10 of diestrus. good protocol but need to know what day of diestrus in

60
Q

What is vaginal cytology not good for?

A
  1. diagnosis of open pyometra, emtritis or endometritis

2. optimum time for insemination using a single dose of semen–need to be more precise than that

61
Q

What are we looking at when looking at vaginal smears?

A 
1. mostly epithelial cells--morphology--percentage of cell types 
superficial cell index
karyopyknotic index
2. RBC--#
3. WBC
4. debris
62
Q

What happens during follicular phase to the vaginal epithelium?

A

rising estradiol 17Beta proestrus levels stimulate growth of vaginal epithelium
vaginal epithelum reaches a thickness of 20-30 cells and most superficial cells are shed into the lumen. morphology of those cells changes over time

63
Q

What are we looking for on vaginal smear?

A

The amount and morphology of epithelial cells
RBC
WBC
debris

64
Q

What are the types of epithelial cells?

A
  1. basal cells
  2. parabasal cells
  3. intermediate cells (small, large)
  4. superficial cells (cornified)
65
Q

Are basal cells usually exfoliated?

A

no

66
Q

Do we want to scrape vaginal wall with canine vaginal cytology?

A

no, want cells that are already exfoliated

67
Q

What are the predominant cels in diestrus and anestrus?

A

basal cells, not usually exfoliated

68
Q

What are metestrum cells?

A

intermediate cells with phaoytosed WBCs within it

69
Q

What are foam cells

A

intermediate cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles (phagocytosis)

70
Q

How can you assess vaginal crenulation?

A

through vaginoscopy

71
Q

when does vaginal crenulation occur?

A

in estrus, following edema

72
Q

What are the methods for making a vaginal smear?

A
  1. pipette or dropper
  2. microscope slide (not very accurate)
  3. cotton swab
  4. cotton swab with speculum as guard
73
Q

What is the pipette or dropper colleciton method

A

need saline to obtain cells
expel fluid onto slide
spread out cells
dry and stain

74
Q

Why is the pipette or dropper collection method diffiuclt?

A

difficult to get instrument in becuase have to get over ischial arch into the vagina and vestibule + the vagina is usually quite long and trying to get to posterior

75
Q

What is the microscope slide collection method?

A

cells from vestibule
NOt scraping
stay away from mucocutaneous junction
cells transferred to 2nd slide

76
Q

What are the problems with microscope slide collectio method?

A
  1. cells tend to be representative of vulva, not vagina

2. vaginal cells must exfoliate and travel to vulva–less accuracy–more representative of a few days ago,

77
Q

What is the cotton swab method?

A
  1. moisten swab
  2. pass along dorsal wall of vagina
  3. roll swab on microscope slide
78
Q

What is the issue of using a cotton swab without a guard?

A

can pick up other cells–vestibular
can be traumatic
must avoid clitoral fossa–many keratinized cells

79
Q

What is the method of using a cotton swab with speculum?

A
  1. moisten swab
  2. introduce speculum (otoscope tip)
  3. introduce swab–touch wall of vagina, do not scrape
  4. role on to microscope slide
80
Q

What are the advantages of using the cotton swab with speculum method?

A
  1. better quality smear
  2. only exfoliating cells from the posterior vagina are collected
  3. vagina is more sensitive to hormone changes than the vestibule
81
Q

What do you stain vaginal cytology with?

A
  1. sedi stain

2. modified wrights-giemsa (diff quick)

82
Q

How do you view the vaginal cytology under microscope?

A

250x is ideal
can use 100x
bright field
(40x all cells appear cornified–breed too early, power too high–1000x then hard to develop overall picture)

83
Q

What is the appearance of parabasal cells?

A
  1. large vesicular nucleus
  2. dark staining cytoplasm
  3. rarely seen unless scrape wall unintentially
84
Q

What is the appearance of intermediate cells?

A
  1. large and small types (larger than parabasal)
  2. vesicular nuclei
  3. round (some may be polygonal)
85
Q

What is the appearance of a superficial cell?

A

nucleated, polygonal

as matures further then the nucleus becomes pyknotic and eventually loses the nucleus (anuclear, squame)

86
Q

What is the superficial cell index?

A

the number of cells from superficial epithelial layers (anuclear, pyknotic, nucleated)/total number of epithelial cells (100 cells)

87
Q

What are two indexes that can be calculated from the vaginal cytology?

A
  1. superfical cell index

2. karyopyknotic cell index

88
Q

How do you calculate karyoppyknotic cell index?

A

number of anuclear cells or pyknotic nuclei/total SUPERFICIAL CELLS (not total cells)

89
Q

What are the ranges of SCI, KPI in early proestrus?

A

SCI-25-30%

KPI-10%

90
Q

What are the ranges of SCI, KPI in late proestrus/early estrus?

A

SCI-100%

KPI 80-90%

91
Q

What is the optimum time to breed according to KPI?

A

> =85%

92
Q

What is the appearance of vaginal cytology in anestrus

A

few or no cells

no pyknotic or anuclear superficial cells

93
Q

as animals start to come into early proestrus, what is seen on vaginal cytology

A

more cells
more intermediate cells
more RBCs (occasional)
occasional WBC

94
Q

What is the appearance of vaginal cytology as proestrus progresses?

A

clearance of debris (mucus?)

clearance of RBC (max in early proestrus and as estrus gets closer then bleeding diminishes)

95
Q

What is the definition of transition from estrus to diestrus cytologically

A

the onset of diestrus is indicated by 1st day that there is a substancial decline in the number of superficial cells (>20% in SCI)

96
Q

What is the recommendation for breeding with regards to vaginal smears?

A
  1. serial evaluation of vaginal smears
97
Q

What is an issue with serial evaluation of vaginal smears?

A

unable to prospectively predict time of receptivity to mating, time of LH surge or ovulation
MORE OF A RETROSPECTIVE TOOL

98
Q

What is the key event to determine when ovulation will occur?

A

LH

99
Q

How can LH be measured?

A

RIA or ELISA

100
Q

How do you sample for LH measurement?

A

daily sampling mid proestrus (may miss occasional dog with short surge)

101
Q

Is LH measurement cheap or expensive?

A

expensive

102
Q

When progesterone is

A

baseline

103
Q

LH surge is considered when with respect to progesterone?

A

when progesterone higher than 1.5 to 2

104
Q

When does ovulation occur with respect to progesterone levels?

A

when greater than 2 assume will ovulate, when greater than 4 assume has ovulated

105
Q

When progesterone is 10-15ng/ml what is occuring? Why is this important?

A

max oocyte maturation

ideal time to breed

106
Q

HOw can progesterone be measured?

A

ELISA-semi-quantitative

RIA

107
Q

Why might breeders prefer to submit progesterone to a lab?

A

b/c get a more accurate number

108
Q

The first significant rise in P4 above 2ng/mL = what?

A

LH surger

109
Q

WHen does ovulation occur with regard to P4 levels?

A

4-10ng/mL

110
Q

When should breeding occur with regards to P4?

A

10-15ng/mL

111
Q

When does sampling of P3 occur?

A

ever 48hr 5-7 days after proestrus bleeding

112
Q

White might you use retrospective vaginal cytology?

A
  1. did breeding occur at correct time
  2. determine whelping date
  3. may be useful for subsequent estrus periods (split heats or false heats)
113
Q

What is the approach to the problem breeder with regard to history?

A
  1. vaccine status
  2. medications–estrus suppression treatment–can have long lasting effects
  3. repro history (litters, method, litter size etc), fertility of siblings, male involved?
114
Q

How is the uterus examined?

A

palpate through abdomen

U/S including ovaries

115
Q

What is the vulva examined for?

A
  1. conformation

2. infolding

116
Q

What is the vagina examined for?

A
  1. abnormal discharge

2. adequate size

117
Q

What are commensal bacteria of the vagina?

A
  1. e. coli
  2. staph
  3. strep
  4. proteus mirabilis
  5. pseudomonas aeruginosa
118
Q

Why are uterine cultures not usually done in the dog?

A

very hard to access
transcervical not really possible
laparotomy invasive

119
Q

What is the one pathogen that if you culture from the vagina of the dog is considered always pathologic?

A

brucella canis

120
Q

Is mycoplasma/ureaplasma an important result from a vaginal culture?

A

probable significance overgrown

121
Q

What can you use vaginal endoscopy for?

A

evaluate vaginal epithelium for inflam, discharge
evaluate crenulation
anestrus-pink, dry looking
proestrus–edematous, paler
estrus–crenulation as edema starts to “dry up”
but not commonly done

Theriogenology (9 decks)

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