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Theriogenology > Camelid Reproduction > Flashcards

Camelid Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

When is puberty in llamas/alpacas?

A 
environment, nutrition:
in north america 1-1.5y
in south america 2-3 years
Males mature at 2.5-3yr
breed when 65% mature weight
alpacas 40kg
llamas 60kg
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2
Q

Is there seasonality in camelids?

A

affected by nutrition and environment but NOT pohotoperiod
in north america non-seasonal
in south america (dec-march)

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3
Q

What is the female reproductive anatomy of llamas?

A

small repro tract

during the luteal phase, under influence of progesterone they lack tone in uterine horns and maximally curled????

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4
Q

What horn in llamas carriers the pregnancy?

A

left horn

but ovulation from both sides

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5
Q

What is the male preproductive anatomy?

A

fibroelastic penis, sigmoid flexure, cartilagnous tip
epididymides at top of testes
No vesicular glands (have others)

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6
Q

When are females seually receptve/submissive to male?

A

almost continuously (cant use behavior to monitor cycle)

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7
Q

HOw large do dominant follicles get?

A

10-15mm

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8
Q

Are llamas induced or spontaneous ovulators?

A

induced

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9
Q

When does ovulation occur after mating?

A

26-42hr after mating

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10
Q

how soon does LH start to peak after mating?

A

15 min, peaks 2-4hrs later, declines by 6hr

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11
Q

Why is there not a set follicular wave interval in llamas?

A

follicle can regress and make a short lived luteal structure

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12
Q

What is the interval of waves with a CL vs no CL

A

17d with CL

20d with no CL

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13
Q

What is the life of CL if not pregnant?

A

regression starts at 7d

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14
Q

When can pregnancy be diagnosed?

A

day 10

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15
Q

Do llamas depend on the CL throughout pregnancy?

A

yes

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16
Q

What is the mating behavior of camelids?

A

Males do not choose between receptive and non-receptive females
non-receptive females spit off advancing males
copulation lasts 5-20minutes

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17
Q

What are first service preg rates of camelids?

A

60-70%

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18
Q

How high can embryonic losses be under adverse conditions?

A

80%

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19
Q

What is the gestation length of alpacas and llamas?

A

alpaca 330d

llama 345d

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20
Q

What is the placentation of camelids

A

difffuse microctyledonary

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21
Q

Are twin births common in the camelid?

A

no

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22
Q

How can camelids be preg diagnosed?

A
  1. teasing 85% accurate
  2. rectal palp
  3. ballottement
  4. P4 assay (false positive from pyometria, persistent CL, spont ovul)
  5. ultrasonography
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23
Q

When can you visualize an embryonic vesicle in a preg camelid using U/S

A

18d

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24
Q

When can you see a heart beat by U/S in camelid

A

25d?

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25
Q

What are teh signs of parturition in the camelid?

A
  1. bagging up quite variable
  2. teats enlarge 1-3wk prepartum, waxing
  3. milk let-down 48hr before parturition
26
Q

Do camelids have control of parturition?

A

yes, 90% occur between 7-11AM

27
Q

what are cria born with?

A

epidermal membrane

28
Q

What are the stages of parturition?

A 
stae 1 
2-6hr: separatin, humming, urination, getting up and down
stage 2.
 30-45 min appearance of fetal membranes
stage  3 
1-2hr
29
Q

can camelids deliver in a caudal presentation?

A

yes, if there isn’t a leg back

30
Q

what is the epidermal membrane

A

very thing paper like membrane that dries and desintegrates once cria born and they are dry under that membrane
may help in lubrication and quick drying

31
Q

Is dystocia common or rare in llama?

A

relatively rare. less than 2% in peru

32
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia?

A

malpresentation

33
Q

What are the most common forms of malpresentation?

A

forelimb and neck flexion 70%

caudal presentation with hind leg flexed 30%

34
Q

What is the treatment of dystocia?

A

attend quickly

maybe sedate

35
Q

Does uterine torsion happen commonly in camelid?

A

yes, have a large abdomen
quite common
last month of gestation
usually very near term

36
Q

Does uterine torsion involve the cervix?

A

yes, like cow, unlike horse

37
Q

What are the signs of uterine torsion?

A

colic, humming, separation fromm herd

38
Q

What is the treatment for uterine torsion?

A

rolling, caesarian section

39
Q

When do ovulatory size follicles devleop in postpartum period?

A

4-14d

40
Q

When is there complete uterine involution in camelids?

A

21d

41
Q

If everything is normal, when can rebreeding be performed in the llama?

A

15-20d

42
Q

What are the indications for abortion/parturition?

A

mismating
bred at wrong time of year
save the female

43
Q

Why is it relatively easy to induce abortion in camelid

A

they are CL dependent through pregnancy so can use 2 treatments of PGF2alpha

44
Q

What are reproductive pathologies of camelids?

A
  1. retained placenta-uncommon
  2. vaginal prolapse-uncommon
  3. uterine prolapse-fairly common
45
Q

What should you do with retained placenta in camelids?

A

treat if not passed by 24hr (maybe earlier better)
use oxyocin, gentle tugging
infusion of chorioallantois?–burns technique
antibiotics e.g. penicillin

46
Q

What might uterine prolapse be associated with in some individiuals?

A

hypocalcemia

47
Q

What is cystic ovarian disease??

A

large follicles >15mm
or hemorrhagic follicles
may not affect new waves, spontaneously resolve
may be more like hemorraghic anovulatory follicles in horse than cows cysts

48
Q

How do you treat cystic ovarian disease?

A

hCG

GnRH–if don’t have access to hCG

49
Q

What are the causes of metritis, endometritis, pyometra

A

over breeding

e. coli, strep zoo

50
Q

What is the diagnosis of endometritris/metritis, pyometria?

A 
history of repeat breeding
vaginoscopy
ultrasound
cullture 
cytology 
biopsy
51
Q

How do you biopsy a camelid?

A

similar to horse, shorter biopsy
hard to get through cervix but can use estradiol cypionate
bipsy left horn lateral wall

52
Q

What are congenital abnormalities in camelids?

A

ovarian hypoplasia

congenital tubular anomalies

53
Q

What are acquired repro abnormalities of camelids?

A
  1. ovarian tumors
  2. endometritis
  3. follicular cysts
  4. cystic CL
54
Q

What is choanal atresia?

A

partial or complete separation of nasal and pharyngeal cavities
relatively common
lethal if complete

55
Q

What are non-infectious causes of preg loss?

A
  1. twinning
  2. genetic and chromosommal anomalies
  3. hormonal (maternal rec. signal?)
  4. nutritional (toxicity-se, deficiencies-vit A, E, Cu, I, Se)
  5. stress–high temp
56
Q

What are infectious causes of preg loss?

A
  1. toxoplasmosis
  2. leptospirosis
  3. chlamydia
  4. IBR, EHV1, BVD–>the big thing now, overblown?j
57
Q

What is involved in the male breeding soundness evaluation?

A
  1. physical soundness
  2. semen quality
    3 serving capacity
58
Q

What is involved in physical soundness in male breeding soundness exam?

A

testes size:

congenital abnormalities: testicular hypoplasia, crypt, persistent frenulum , etc

59
Q

How do you collect semen collection

A
  1. Female condum, vaginal aspiration/sponge
  2. artificial vagina using a dummy mount
  3. electroejaculation under heavy sedation (xylazine/ketamine)–N.A.
60
Q

How is semen quality of camelids relative to other species?

A 
generally poor relative to other species
40% normal 
25% motile
relatively dilute
low total sperm
61
Q

What is the serving capacity of camelids?

A

alpacas
copulation 22 min
clusters or urethral pules 1/min

62
Q

What stocking density can you use of male/female ?

A

1 male to 30 females

(must alternate males every 10-14 d)–loss of interest

Theriogenology (9 decks)

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