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GI Exam 1 > Small and Large Intestine Histology > Flashcards

Small and Large Intestine Histology Flashcards

1
Q
  • _ are transverse folds with a submucosal core
  • More visible in which portion of the small intestine?
  • Absent in which part of the small intestine?
A
  • Plicae circulares
  • Jejunum
  • Duodenum
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2
Q
  • What is the purpose of intestinal villi?
  • Which two cell types are present and what is the function of each?
A
  • Increase surface area for absorption
  • Enterocytes
    • ​Produce enzymes for digestion and absorption
  • Goblet Cells
    • ​Provide Mucus coat to shield from abrasion and bacterial invasion
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3
Q
  • _ are finger like folds of mucosa projecting into the lumen and are covered with _
A
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
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4
Q
  • _ microvilli have a striated border
  • _ coat assists with nutrient uptake
  • _Contraction of microvilli is permitted via actin and myosin __
A
  • Enterocyte
  • Glycocalyx
  • Terminal web
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5
Q
  • Mucosa of the small intestine
    • ​What type of epithelium is present?
    • Consists of _
  • Submucosa of the small intestine
    • ​What type of connective tissue?
    • What structures may or may not be present, depending on location?
  • Muscularis
    • ​ Which two layers?
  • Serosa or adventitia?
A
  • Mucosa of the small intestine
    • Simple columnar
    • Lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
  • Submucosa
    • Dense irregular CT
    • Neurovasculature, lymphatics, glands
  • Muscularis
    • Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
  • Serosa
    • Loose CT surrounded by visceral peritoneum
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6
Q

Enteric innervation of the SI and LI comes from the _ and _

Sympathetic innervation of the SI and LI via _ sympathetic fibers

Parasympathetic innervation of the SI and LI via _ sympathetic fibers

A
  • Submucosal plexus of Meissner and myenteric plexus of Auerbach
  • Postganglionic
  • Preganglionic (Vagus and pelvic nerves)
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7
Q
  • Intestinal glands:
  • What type of epithelium
  • What cell types are present
A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells
  • Intestinal stem cells
  • M (microfold) cells

Side notes:

Continuous with simple columnar that covers intestinal villi

Open onto luminal surface of the intestine at the base of the villi

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8
Q
  • Function of enteroendocrine cells (repeated more than once)
A
  • Secrete peptide hormones to control gut motility, regulate secretion of enzymes, HCl, bile, and other components for digestion
  • Secrete (functions of these given in phys lecture):
    • ​Gastrin
    • Secretin
    • GIP
    • Motilin
    • CCK
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9
Q
  • Paneth Cells
  • Location
  • Function
  • Which cells are located near them
A
  • Paneth cells
    • ​Pyramid shaped cells ar base of intestinal glands (sometimes found in the colon)
    • Innate immunity:
      • ​Secrete antimicrobial substances (lysozymes, alpha-defensins, glycoproteins)
      • Regulate normal bacterial flora via phagocytosis and antibacterial action
  • Cells located near them: Intestinal stem cells
    • ​Repopulate epithelial lining
    • Differentiate into goblet cells, enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells
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10
Q
  • Microfold Cells:
  • Location
  • Structure/Function
A
  • Microfold Cells
    • ​Overly Peyer’s Patches and lymph nodules
    • Microfolds and thin glycolax
    • Deep pocket near ECM (houses dendritic cells, macrophages, T and B cells)
    • Apical surface
      • ​Antigen-transporting cells
        • ​Bind macromolecules and gram negative bacteria
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11
Q
  • DUODENUM:
  • Histological Hallmarks
A
  • Brunner’s Glands in Submucosa
  • Leaf-like villi
  • Tubular intestinal glands in mucosa
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12
Q
  • JEJUNUM:
  • Histological Landmarks
A
  • Elongated, finger like villi
  • NO submucosal glands or Peyer’s patches
  • Tubular intestinal glands in mucosa
  • Lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria
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13
Q
  • ILEUM:
  • Histological Landmarks
    *
A
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Tubular intestinal glands in mucosa
  • Finger like villi
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14
Q
  • Ileocecal junction:
    • Connects the _ and _
    • Abrupt transition from _ of SI to _ epithelium of LI
    • Valve has thickened extension of _ to limit reflux of colonic contents into ileum
A
  • Ileum and cecum
  • Villi of SI to glandular epithelium of LO
  • Muscularis mucosase
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15
Q
  • _LARGE INTESTINE
    HALLMARKS    _
  • FUNCTION
A
  • Absorb water, sodium, vitamins, minerals
  • Uptake of sedatives, anesthetics, steroids
  • HALLMARK: Intestinal Glands, GOBLET CELLS, NO INTESTINAL VILLI
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16
Q
  • Features of the following areas of the Large Intestine:
    • Mucosa
    • Submucosa
    • Muscularis
    • _ layer is organized into teaniae coli that form the HAUSTRA of LI
    • Serosa or adventitia?
A
  • Mucosa
    • Glandular
    • Simple columnar epithelium
    • Colonocytes
    • Stem cells
    • Enteroendocrine cells
    • Lamina propria and muscularis mucosae are present: GALT may be present and penetrate submucosa
    • Submucosa
      • Dense irregular CT
  • Muscularis
  • Outer longitudinal layer organized into teaniae coli that form Haustra
  • Serosa
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17
Q
  • COLON
  • Hallmarks
A
  • Short microvilli and dilated intercellular spaces with interdigitating leadlets of cell membrane
  • NUMEROUS GOBLET CELLS
18
Q
  • Veriform Appendix
  • Mucosa:
    • Contains which cell types?
  • Submucosa:
    • Contains _ and dense irregular CT
  • Muscularis Externa
    • _ is more developed than the _ layer
  • Serosa
A
  • Mucosa
    • GOBLET Cells
    • Can contain lymphoid follicles and lymphocytes in lamina propria
  • Submucosa
    • Adipocytes and dense irregular connective tissue
  • Muscularis external
    • Inner circular layer is better developed than outer longitudinal layer
19
Q
  • Hirschprung’s Disease:
  • Mutation in what gene?
  • This gene is important for the migration and differentiation of what cell type?
  • Presentation
  • Treatment
A
  • RET
  • Neural Crest Cells
  • 1;5000 neonates
  • Constipation, poor feeding, progressive abdominal distension
  • Surgical removal of affected segment, pull through of ganglionic colon segments
20
Q
  • IBD includes what two diseases?
A
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Chron’s Disease
21
Q
  • *_ affects the mucosa of the large intestine*
  • *_ affects any segement of the intestinal tract*
A
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Chron’s
22
Q
  • Chron’s Disease:
A
  • Inflammatory cells produce cytokines that damage intestinal mucosa
  • Neutrophils invade Crypts of Lieberkuhn and destroy intestinal glands (progressive atrophy, ulceration of mucosa)
23
Q
  • What are the two parts of the rectum?
  • What are the three layers of the Anal Canal?
A
  1. Rectum proper (upper part)
  2. Anal Canal (Lower Part)
    1. Colorectal zone
      1. Simple columnar epithelium identical to rectum
    2. Anal transitional zone
      1. Simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
    3. Squamous zone
      1. Stratified squamous
      2. Continuous with perineal skin
24
Q
  • What type of cell is shown below?
A
  • Enteroendocrine cell
    • Remember that these secrete various peptide hormones
25
Q
  • What are the cells shown below?
A
  • Paneth cells
    • Pyramidal shaped cells at the base of intestinal glands
    • Important in immunity
26
Q
  • Identify the tissue type below
A
  • Colon
27
Q
  • What disease state is shown below?
A
  • Hirschprung’s Disease
28
Q
  • What is shown below?
A
  • Gastroduodenal junction
  • Stomach on left
  • Duodenum on right
29
Q
  • Which area of the GI tract was this tissue sample obtained from?
  • What part?
A
  • Small Intestine
  • Jejunum
30
Q
  • Identify the labeled structures
  • Which area of the GI tract was this sample taken from?
  • Which segment?
A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Mucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Submucosa
  5. Inner Circular Layer
  6. Outer Longitudinal Layer
  7. Villi
  8. Brunner’s Glands (Hallmark for the duodenum)
31
Q
  • Which area of the GI tract was this sample taken from?
  • What segment?
A
  • Small Intestine
  • Ileum (Hallmark-peyer’s patches)
32
Q
  • What tissue is this?
A
  • Colon
  • Showing Lamina propria of the mucosal layer
33
Q
  • What is shown in the following image?
A
  • Ileocecal junction
34
Q
  • From which segment of the GI tract was this sample taken?
A
  • Veriform appendix
35
Q
  • Identify the structures of the rectum
A
  1. Transverse rectal folds
  2. Ampulla of rectum
  3. Mucosal Folds
  4. Anal Columns
  5. Internal Anal Sphincter
  6. External Anal Sphincter
36
Q
  • Identify the following segments of the anal canal
  • This is the _ part of the rectum
A

1) Colorectal zone
2) Anal transitional zone (ATZ)
3) Squamous zone

Lower

37
Q
  • What cells are shown below?
A
  • M (Microfold Cells)
  • Basolateral Surface:
    • Holds Dendritic cells, B and T cells
    • Apical surface has Ag transporting cells
38
Q
  • What is shown in the following image?
  • Label
A
  • Recto-anal junction
  • Anus-non keratinized stratified squamous
  • Rectum-Simple columnar with tubular intestinal glands
39
Q
  • What is shown in the image below?
A
  • Intestinal Gland
40
Q
A

GI Exam 1 (10 decks)

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