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GI Exam 1 > Esophagus and Stomach Histology > Flashcards

Esophagus and Stomach Histology Flashcards

1
Q
  • What are the four layers of the cells of the GI tract (from lumen-superficial)
A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Seroasa/Adventitia
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2
Q
  • Difference between serosa and adventitia
A
  • Serosa=covered by peritoneum
  • Adventitia=retropreitoneum (loose connective tissue with surrounding fat)
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3
Q
  • The _ layer differs considerably from region to region along the GI tract (helps with identifying certain areas)
A
  • Mucosa
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4
Q
  • Label the four layers
A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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5
Q
  • What are the components of the mucosal layer?
A
  • Lining epithelium
  • Lamina propria ​
  • Muscularis mucosae (* smooth muscle layer controlling the mobility of GLANDS-NOT PERISTALSIS)
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6
Q
  • The _ of the mucosal layer contains lymphatic nodules, lymphatics, plasma cells, and macrophages
A
  • Lamina propria
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7
Q
  • What types of epithelium are present in GI cells?
A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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8
Q
  • What are the components of the submucosal layer?
A
  • Dense irregular CT (w/ neurovascular and lymphatics)
  • Glands (esophagus and duodenum)
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9
Q
  • What are the components of the muscularis externa?
  • Function of each component
  • __ plexus is located between the two layers_
A
  • Inner circular layer
    • ​Constriction of lumen
  • Outer longitudinal layer
    • ​Shortens tube
  • Neurovascular
  • Overall function is to break down food
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10
Q
  • _ has a mesothelium covering and is suspended by a mesentary/peritoneal fold
  • _ does not have a mesothelium covering
  • Can an organ have both?
A
  • Serosa
  • Adventitia
  • Yes, depending on location
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11
Q
  • Identify the following
A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
  5. Inner circular layer
  6. Musculara mucosa
  7. Lamina propria
  8. Epithelium (Simple columnar)
  9. Outer longitudinal layer
  10. Serosa
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12
Q
  • Extrinsic component of GI innervation
  • Intrinsic component of GI innervation
A
  • Sympathetics and parasympathetics
  • Enteric Nervous System
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13
Q
  • Parasympathetic innervation
    • What nerves are involed?
    • Ganglion and postsynaptic fibers are _
  • Sympatheric innervation
    • What nerves are involved?
      *
A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Pelvic splanchnic nerves
  • Fibers in these are presynaptic
  • Gangion and postsynaptic fibers are intramural
  • Greater, lesser and least splanchnic
  • Synapse in paravertebral ganglion and post-synaptic fibers travel to organs on peri-arterial plexuses
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14
Q
  • What two plexuses are part of the enteric nervous system?
    • ​Where are they located
    • What is their function
A
  • Submucosal plexus of Meissner
    • ​Harder to see histologically
    • Regulate secretion in glands of the submucosa
  • ​Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
    • ​Between inner circular layer and puter longitudinal layer of the muscularis
  • Both function together to control:
    • ​Peristaltic contractions of muscularis externa and movements of muscularis mucosae
    • Secretory activities of mucosal and submucosal glands
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15
Q
  • What cells are the Pacemaker cells of the enteric nervous system?
A
  • Interstitial Cells of Cahal
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16
Q

Preganglionic axons of parasympathetics _ gastric motility

Postganglionic axons of the sympathetics _ gastric motility

A
  • Increase
  • Decrease
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17
Q
  • Identify the following
A
  1. Inner circular layer of the muscularis externa
  2. Myenteric plexus of Auerbach
  3. Outer longitudinal later of the muscularis externa
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18
Q
  • *The _ part of the esophagus has adventitia*
  • *The _ part of the esophagus has serosa*
A

Thoracic esophagus

Abdominal esophagus (inferior to the diaphragm)

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19
Q
  • What are the two types of glands present in the esophagus?
  • What are their functions?
A
  • Cardiac esophageal glands
    • ​Lamina propria
    • Produce mucus to lubricate the epithelium
  • Submucosal glands
    • ​Small lobules with mucous and serous cell types
    • In submucosal layer
      *
20
Q
  • Where has this tissue sample been taken from?
  • Identify the numbered components
A
  • Thoracic esophagus
  • 1) Mucosa
  • 2) Submucosa
  • 3) Submucosal gland
  • 4) Muscularis external
  • 5) Adventitia
21
Q
  • What type of epithelium is present in the mucosa of the esophagus?
  • What are some other key features of the mucosa of the esophagus?
A
  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
  • Numerous folds
  • Muscularis mucosae only present in lower segment and contains numerous cardiac esophageal glands
22
Q
  • What is located in the submucosal layer of the esophagus
A

Submucosal venous plexuses

Collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels

23
Q
  • Submucosal venous plexuses drain into both _ and _ venous system
  • Increased pressure can lead to _
A
  • Systemic and portal
  • Esophageal varices (dilation of the submucosal venous sinuses)
24
Q
  • Muscularis in:
    • Upper third of esophagus
    • Middle third of esophagus
    • Lower third of esophagus
A
  • Upper third-skeletal muscle (multi-nucleated, striated, nuclei on outer edges)
  • Middle third-mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
  • Lower-smooth muscle (lighter, not as compact as the skeletal muscle)
25
Q
  • What is this tissue sample from?
  • Identify the following
A
  • Esophagus
    1) Stratified squamous epithelium
    2) Lamina propria
    3) and 4) Muscularis
    5) Gland
    6) Duct
26
Q
  • Epithelium transitions from _ in the esophagus to _ in the stomach
  • Epithelium in the stomach is _
A
  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
  • Simple Columnar
  • Glandular (with pits/glands)
27
Q
  • The upper esophageal sphincter is _ and involved in the _ reflex
  • The lower esophageal sphincter is _ and prevents _
A
  • Anatomical, swallowing
  • Functional, reflux of gastric contents
28
Q
  • GERD v. Barrett’s Esophagus
A
  • GERD
    • Reflux of gastric contents thru LES
  • Barrett’s Esophagus
    • Transitional zone of esophagus (should be nonkeratinized stratified squamous) becomes simple columnar and mucus secreting
29
Q
  • What are the four regions of the stomach?
  • What are the two areas of the stomach?
A
  • Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum
  • Orad area
    • Fundus and upper part of body
    • Relaxes during swallowing
  • Caudad area
    • Lower portion of body and the antrum
    • Regulates gastric emptying
30
Q
  • Gastric mucosal folds (aka _) are covered by _ and form a gastric mucosal barrier
  • Gastric folds are located in the _ layers
A
  • Rugae
  • Gastric pits
  • Mucosa and submucosal
31
Q
  • Where was this tissue sample from?
  • Identify the components
A
  • Stomach
  1. Gastric pits
  2. Mucosa
  3. Muscularis Mucosae
  4. Submucosa
  5. Muscularis Externa
  6. Oblique layer
  7. Inner circular layer
  8. Outer longitudinal layer
32
Q
  • Does the stomach have serosa or adventitia?
A
  • Serosa-surrounded by peritoneum
33
Q
  • Mucosa of the stomach
    • _ epithelium
    • Contains _ glands
    • _ fibers
    • Muscularis mucosase facilitates release of _
A
  • Simple columnar
  • Cardiac, Gastric, Pyloric
  • Reticular and collagen fibers
  • Gastric gland secretions
34
Q
  • Submucosa
  • _ CT with _ and _ fibers
  • Contains _ plexus
A
  • Dense irregular, collagen and elastin fibers
  • Meissner’s
  • Also contains arterioles, venous plexuses and lymphatics
35
Q
  • Muscularis/muscularis externa
  • _ layers of smooth muscle (one of which is unique to the stomach)
  • _ muscular layer thickens in pyloric region to help form the pyloric sphincter
A
  • 3 (Oblique=unique)
  • Circular
36
Q
  • Known as the hallmark of the stomach
  • Contains three regions
  • Present throughout gastric mucosa except for areas occupied by cardiac and pyloric glands
A
  • Fundic/Gastric Glands
37
Q
  • What are the three regions of the gastric glands?
  • Describe each/which cell types are present
  • Which part of the gastric gland DOES NOT produce secretions
A
  • Isthmus
    • ​Between gastric pit and gland below
    • Contains stem cells
  • Neck
    • ​Narrow, long region
    • Mucous neck cells, Parietal Cells, Enteroendocrine Cells
  • Fundic segment
    • ​Shorter and wider base
    • Chief Cells, Enteroendocrine cells, Some parietal cellsn
  • Isthmus
38
Q
  • What is located superiorly to the isthmus of the gastric gland?
  • What is its function?
A
  • Gastric pit
    • ​Contains surface mucosal cells
39
Q
  • Function of mucous cells (both surface and neck)
A
  • Produce mucus layer 95% water, 5 % mucin
  • Neutralizes microenvironment of the stomach to an alkaline pH
40
Q
  • Chief Cells
    • ​Location
    • Function
      *
A
  • Located in fundus of gastric glands
  • Release zymogen granules that contain pepsinogen proenzyme
    • ​Pepsinogen converted to pepsin in acidic environment of stomach
    • Helps with protein digestion
    • Exocytosis is stimulated by eating
41
Q
  • Parietal Cells
    • ​Location
    • Function
    • 3 Distinctive Features
A
  • Neck and upper segment
  • Produce HCl and intrinsic factor (binds Vitamin B12)
  • 3 FeaturesL
    • ​Abundant mitochondria (for pumping H+)
    • Intracellular canaliculus
    • H+/K+ Dependent ATPase rich tubovesicular system
42
Q
  • What are the two types of enteroendocrine cells?
  • Where are they located?
  • What is their function?
A
  • Open
    • Exposed to gland lumen
  • Closed
    • Unexposed to gland lumen
  • Located in fundus (prevalent in base)
  • Secrete peptide hormones:
    • Gastrin
      • Produced by G cells in pyloric antrum
      • Stimulates Acid Secretion
    • Somatostatin
      • Produced by D cells
      • Inhibits Gastrin Action
    • Ghrelin
      • Stimulates GH secretion
      • Triggers hunger
43
Q
  • Cardiac Glands of the Stomach
    • ​Describe them
    • HALLMARK?
A
  • Located in cardia of the stomach
  • Glands are tubular, coiled, and somewhat branched
  • HALLMARK: APPEAR CIRCULAR AND OBLIQUE IN SECTIONS
44
Q
  • Pyloric Glands of the Stomach
    • ​Location
    • Function
A
  • Between fundus and pylorus
  • lined with mucus secreting cells
  • Branches, tubular coiled glands
  • Secrete large and pale secretory mucus
  • Ocassionally will contain enteroendocrine cells and parietyal cells
  • GALT
45
Q
  • Identify the following cell types
A
  1. Chief cells (more eosinophilic)
  2. Parietal cells

GI Exam 1 (10 decks)

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