SM02 Mini4 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the embryologic origin of the adenohypophysis?
A
oral ectoderm
evaginates to form Rathke’s pouch
2
Q
what is the embryologic origin of the neurohypophysis?
A
neural ectoderm
extension of hypothalamus
3
Q
where is the pars tuberalis?
A
with the pars intermedia connects the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus
4
Q
what is the infundibulum?
A
the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
5
Q
describe the hypophyseal portal system.
A
- hypothalamus secretes hormones into primary capillary plexus
- internal carotid artery→ superior hypophyseal artery→ primary capillary plexus (pars tuberalis)→ hypophyseal portal veins→ secondary capillary plexus (pars distalis)
6
Q
where does the blood from the pituitary drain?
A
into the cavernous sinus
7
Q
what does the inferior hypophyseal arteries supply?
A
the posterior pituitary or pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis
8
Q
what cells of the adenohypophysis stain acidophilic?
A
(red/pink)
somatotrophs & mammotrophs
9
Q
what does the somatotrophs produces & secrete?
A
growth hormone (somatotropin)
50% of cells in adenohypophysis
10
Q
what does the mammotrophs produce & secrete?
A
prolactin
15% of cells in adenohypophysis
11
Q
what cells of the adenohypophysis stain basophilic?
A
thyrotrophs
corticotrophs
gonadotrophs
12
Q
what do the gonadotroph produce & secrete?
A
LH & FSH
most cells produce both, but some only produce one or the other
10% of cells in adenohypophysis
13
Q
what do the corticotrophs produce and secrete?
A
proopiomelanocortin
which is then chopped into ACTH, lipotropin, MSH, & beta-endorphin
20% of cell in adenohypophysis
14
Q
what is produced & secreted by the thyrotrophs?
A
TSH
5% of cells in adenohypophysis
15
Q
what cells are found in the adenohypophysis?
A
- acidophils
- somatotrophs
- mammotrophs
- basophilic
- thyrotrophs
- corticotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- chromophobes
- folliculostellate cells
16
Q
what is the function of folliculostellate cells?
A
support parenchyma or network of intercommunication w/each other
17
Q
what is the function of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland?
A
none
vestigial in humans
colloid-filled cysts w/some scattered groups of basophilic cells
18
Q
what cell type is this?
A
GH cells
19
Q
what cell type is this?
A
TSH cells
20
Q
what cell type is this?
A
adrenocorticotrophs
21
Q
what cell type is this?
A
LH cells
22
Q
what is the function of somatostatin in the pituitary?
A
inhibiting production & release of growth hormone
23
Q
what is the function of dopamine in the pituitary?
A
inhibiting production & release of prolactin, which is otherwise constituitively released
24
Q
what is the function of FSH?
A
promotes ovarian follicle development & estrogen secretion in women
stimulates spermatogenesis in men
25
what is the function of LH?
promotes ovarian follicle maturation & progesterone secretion in women
Leydig cell stimluation & androgen secretion in men
26
how is release of ACTH controlled?
via negative feedback
adrenal cortex hormones that are stimulated to release by corticotropin (ACTH) inhibits the release of ACTH by the pituitary & inhibits the release of CRH from teh hypothalamus
27
how is TSH controlled?
stimulated release by TRH
inhibited by T3 & T4 (thyroid hormones)→ these also inhibit the release of TRH
28
what are pituicytes?
supporting cells of the pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis
29
how are hormones released into the posterior pituitary?
neurons of the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus extend unmyelinated axons
axons form hypothalamohypophyseal tract
axons terminate near fenestrated capillaries in pars nervosa
30
what are Herring bodies?
swellings of axons that contain hormones
31
what part of the brain lacks a BBB?
pineal gland
32
describe the embryologic development of the pineal gland.
* dorsal diverticulum of diencephalon during W10
* vesicular wall thickens, lumen occluded except at base of outpocket
* pineal recess communicates w/3rd ventricle
* formation of compact structure containing pinealocytes & glial-like interstitial cell
* both derived from neuroepithelial cells
* meninges envelop & invade to form connective tissue septa
33
which cells are responsible for melatonin production & secretion?
pinealocytes
34
what is brain sand?
corpora arenacea
calcified extracellular concteion of CaPO4 & CaCO3
35
what is used as a radiological marker in the pineal gland?
corpora arenacea
36
how can pinealocytes be identified?
accumulations of golden brown lipofuscin in their cytoplasm
37
how does melatonin get into the blood stream from pinealocytes?
via long cytoplasmic processes w/bulbous expansions that terminate near fenestrated capillaries
release is triggered by unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers from the superior cervical ganglion that enter pineal gland
38
describe the signaling pathway that inhibits melatonin release.
* light signals conducted to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus by retinohypothalamic tract
* intermediolateral cell column of thoracic spinal cord via hypothalamospinal tract
* preganglionic fibers to superior cervical ganglion
* postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion
* unmyelinated ends enter pineal gland
* inhibits melatonin release
* meltonin simtulated release in darkness
39
what stimulates melatonin release?
in the dark, postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine
activates beta adrenergic receptors
increase in N-acetyltransferase activity
stimulates melatonin synthesis & release
40
why is melatonin only made in the pineal gland?
only location of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase
the enzyme needed to synthesize melatonin
41
where are the islets of Langerhans found?
scattered among the pancreati acini
42
what does the ventral diverticulum of the foregut give rise to?
common bile duct
gallbladder
liver
ventral pancreatic anlage
43
what is the ventral pancreatic anlage?
becomes a portion of the head of the pancreas & uncinate portion of the pancreasw/its ductal system
44
where is the minor papilla derived from?
dorsal anlage
45
how is the main pancreatic duct formed?
fusion of the duct systems from teh dorsal and ventral pancreatic anlages
46
what is a distinguishing characteristic of teh exocrine pancreatic glands?
presence of centroacinar cell in center of acinus
3-4 form the beginning of the duct system from teh acinus
usually seen w/in an acinus
47
how do pancreatic acini stain?
blue at the base due to high RNA & nuclei content
pink at their apex due to high zymogen protein content in granules
48
which cells have secretin receptors?
centroacinar cells
49
describe the flow of pancreatic exocrine products.
* acinar cells
* acinar tubules
* intralobular ducts (intercalated ducts)
* interlobular ducts
* main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
50
what type of cells line the main pancreatic duct?
single layer of cuboidal duct cells
51
function of pancreatic acinar cells
production & secretion of amylase, lipase, reibonuclesase, deoxyribonuclease, trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, procarboxypeptidase, elastase
52
pancreatic enzyme release is stimulated by?
cholecystokinin (from duodenum) & ACh (from parasympathetic fibers)
53
function of the pancreatic ductal cells
production & secretion of bicarbonate-rich alkaline fluid
54
how can the cells found in the islet of Langerhans be differentiated?
they must be stained for their products (in granules)
55
in order of predominance, what are the different cell types in the islets of Langerhans?
beta cells
alpha cells
delta cells
56
which cell type is typically found in the periphery of the islet of Langerhans?
alpha cells
57
how are the islets of Langerhans supplied with blood?
via insuloacinar portal system
58
describe the embryologic origin of the thyroid gland.
* forms late in W4 from endoderm at floor of pharynz by the foramen cecum on developing tongue
* descends in front of gut as bilobed diverticulum
* connected to tongue via thryoglossal duct
* final position in W7
59
what are the hormones produced by the follicular cells & parafollicular cells?
follicular (thyroid) cells: T3 & T4
parafollicular cells: calcitonin
60
what are the distinguish features between parafollicular and follicular cells?
folliular cells are arranged around the colloid & in single (simple) squamous to columnar
parafollicular cells stain lighter & have secretory granules of calcitonin & have no contact w/colloid
61
what are parafollicular cells derived from?
neural crest cells
migrated from ultimobranchial body of 4th pharyngeal arch
62
what stimulates calcitonin release?
high blood serum levels of Ca2+
63
where & how does calcitonin exert its effects?
on osteoclasts
* inhibit bone reabsorption
* increase Ca2+ retention by bones
* decrease Ca2+ & PO42- levels in blood
64
where are TSH receptors found?
on the basal surface of follicular cells
65
what is thyroglobulin?
precursor protein of thyroid hormones
synthesized in rER
post-translationally glycosylated in rER & Golgi
released via exocytosis into lumen of follicle
66
how is iodide brought into follicular cells?
Na+/I- symporter on basal surface of follicular cells
67
how does iodide get into the lumen of the follicle?
via pendrin
an I-/Cl- antiporter in the apical surface of follicular cells
68
why is H2O2 needed in the follicular lumen?
for function of thyroid peroxidase on the apical surface of follicular cells to oxidize iodide to iodine
iodine is more reactive form for conjugation into hormone
69
how is T3 formed?
couple of one MIT & one DIT
70
how is T4 formed?
coupling of two DITs
71
describe the pathway of thyroid hormone release.
* TSH stimulates endocytosis of iodinated TGB into follicular cells
* lysosomal pathway
* endosome fuses w/lysosome
* TGB degraded into aa, carbs, free MIT, free DIT, T3, T4
* all released into cytosol
* MIT & DIT reused
* T3 & T4 enter capillary at basal surface
* transepithelial pathway
* TGB binds transmembrane megalin
* transported directly from apical to basal surfaces
* usually only seen in pathological conditions
72
what causes the most severe cretinism?
maternal hypothyroidism
b/c fetal thyroid doesn begin to function until W14
73
cause of cretinism
congenital hypothyroidism
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal life or infancy
74
signs & symptoms of cretinism
dwarfism & mental retardation
75
cause of Graves disease
antibodies that mimic TSH
leading to hyperthyroidism
76
signs & symptoms of Graves disease
high T3, bulging eyes, & enlarged thyroid gland
77
what is the embryological origin of the parathyroid glands?
superior glands come from 4th pharyngeal pouch
inferior come from 3rd pharyngeal pouch (travels downward w/thymus)
78
what cell types are found in the parathyroid glands?
principal (chief) & oxyphil cells
79
what are the distinguishing features of oxyphil cells?
larger than principal cells
acidophilic cytoplasm (red/pink w/eosin)
lots of mitochondria
pyknotic (condensed) nuclei
80
what is the typical shape of principal cells?
polygonal (and small)
81
action of PTH
aka parathyroid hormone
* acts on osteoclasts via osteoblasts to cause increase in blood Ca2+ via bone reabsorption
* acts on kidneys to increase Ca2+ reabsorption from urine
* formation of calcitriol (vitamin D) in kidneys to promote intestinal absorption of Ca2+
82
what is this?
top & right are oxyphils
left is chief/principal cells
83
where are Leydig cells found?
interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules
84
what is the function of Leydig cells?
produce androgens
have LH receptor that simtulates synthesis & secretion of testosterone
85
what are the functional roles of sertoli cells?
* infantile stage (before birth & first 4 weeks)
* testis formation or sexual differentiation
* puberty thru senescence
* spermatogenesis
86
what is the tunica vaginalis derived from?
the peritoneum
creates visceral & parietal layers around the testes
87
tunica albuginea
fibrous capsule of testis
88
function of the seminiferous tubules
produce sperm
89
pathway of sperm
* seminiferous tubule
* converge to form tubulus rectus
* rete testis
* efferent ductules
* epididymis
* ductus (vas) deferens end expands to form ampulla
* ejaculatory duct: joining of vas deferens & duct of seminal vesicle
* prostatic urethra, penile urethra & out
90
a layer of _____ surrounds the seminiferous tubules.
smooth muscle
91
how long does sperm maturation take?
9 weeks
92
what is found in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules?
spermatogonia & primary spermatocytes
93
what is found in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?
meiotically active cells
94
how is the blood-testes barrier formed?
tight junction
gap junction
basal ectoplasmic specializaiton
AND desmosome-like junction
all work together between Sertoli cells to form this barrier
95
how are elongated speramtids connected to Sertoli cells?
via apical ectoplasmic specialization
96
what is the function of Sertoli cells during adulthood?
* nursing cells of spermatogenesis
* creation of blood-testes barrier
* prevents sperm antigens from escaping thru basal lamina to blood
* deliver nutrients
* move them along to lumen
* secrete testicular fluid (transport medium)
* dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during maturation
* produce chemical mediators of spermatogenesis
97
what is the function of Sertoli cells during infantile stage?
* seminiferous cord formation
* prevention of ger-cell entry into meiosis & differentiation
* prevention of Leydig cell function
* secretion of Mullerian inhibiting hormone
* ensure regression of Mullerian ducts
98
how does the number of Sertoli cells correlate to sperm count?
more Sertoli cells = more spermatozoa produced/day
99
what are the phases of spermiogenesis?
* Golgi phase: multiplication of mitochondria
* cap phase: formation of acrosomal cap at one pole of the nucleus & start axonemal complex
* acrosome phase: lengthening of flagellum
* maturation phase: loss of residual body
100
cause of immotile cilia syndrome
lack of dyenin & other proteins required for cilia & flagella motility
101
what is the functional role of capacitation & acrosome reaction?
control of activation/release of acrosomal enzymes involved in sperm penetration thru zona pellucida of oocyte
102
what is capacitation?
when sperm are exposed to female tract environment
surface proteins & carbohydrates as well as seminal plasma proteins
103
appearance of Leydig cells
pale acidophilic
polyhedral
usually have one nucleus
filled w/lipid droplets of steroid (testosterone)
104
what is the lining of the rete testis?
simple cuboidal epithelium
105
what is the lining of the efferent ductules?
tall columnar ciliated cells
alternating with non-ciliated cells
gives scalloped appearance
also has thin circular layer of smooth muscle
106
function of non-ciliated cells in the efferent ductules?
absorption of fluid produced w/in seminiferous tubules
107
what is the lining of the epididymis?
pseudostratified columnar with long stereocilia
circular muscle layer outside basal lamina for peristalsis movement of spermatozoa
108
what occurs in the body & tail of the epididymis?
storage of sperm
final differentiating steps of sperm development
uptake & digestion of residual bodies
109
how is sperm moved through the vas deferens?
beating of stereocilia
contractions of smooth muscle: 3 layers longitudinal innermost & outer, with circular in the middle
110
what lines the ejaculatory duct?
simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/o muscular layers
travels thru prostate to prostatic urethra
111
what is the origin of most BPH?
BPH= benign prostate hyperplasia
transition zone or submucosal glands of the prostate
112
what are the zones of the prostate?
1. central zone (mucosal gland) surrounding the prostatic urethra
2. transition zone (submucosal glands)
3. peripheral zone (outer main glands)
113
what is the origin of most prostate cancers?
peripheral zone of the prostate
114
describe the microscopic appearance of the prostate.
secretory cell are slightly acidophilic w/visible secretory granules in the cytoplasm
epithelium is simple columnar to cuboidal, may appear pseudostratified
glands embedded in fribromuscular stroma
smooth muscle separated by strands of connective tissue rich in collagenous & elastic fibers
115
function of seminal vesicles
changes with level of testosterone
secretes 70% of ejaculate: fructose, citrate, prostaglandin, etc.
116
what is the seminal vesicles derived from?
outgrowth of ductus deferens
117
describe the structure of the seminal vesicles
mucosa form chambers or crypts that open to larger cavity
cuboidal or nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lamina propria rich in elastic fibers
inner circular & outer longitudinal muscularis
elastic rich adventitia
118
what hormone is primarily begin produced & secreted from the ovary during theproliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
estrogen
119
what marks the end of puberty in females?
menarche
or first menses
usually between 9-14yo
120
what is found in the overian cortex?
ovarian follicles & corpus luteum
121
what is found in the ovarian medulla?
loose connective tissue
blood vessels
lymphatics
122
what is the germinal epithelium?
simple cuboidal cell that cover the ovary
derived from mesothelium
gives rise to follicular cells
123
where is the tunica albuginea found in females?
its a dense connective tissue layer found just beneath the germinal epithelium
\*\*not as prevalent in females as males\*\*
124
when do oogonia proliferate to form primary oocytes?
by the 7th month of development
125
primary oocytes are arrested at what stage at birth?
diplotene (chromosome separation) of meiosis I
126
what causes primary oocyte arrest?
oocyte maturation inhibitor
produced by follicular (squamous) cells of primodial follicles
127
approximately what percentage of primary oocytes are released as mature ova in a woman's lifespan?
0.05%
128
defining features of a primordial follicle
* large eccentric nucleus w/1 or more nucleoli
* Balbiani body
* composed of Golgi, ER, mitochondria & lysosomes
* annulate lamellae: resemble profiles of nuclea envelop
129
defining features of a unilaminar primary follicle
* primary oocyte
* single layer simple cuboidal or columnar follicular cells
* follicular cells on basal lamina
* stromal cells outside basal lamina
130
defining features of a multilaminar primary follicle
* stratified folicular layer= granulosa
* oocyte secretes proteins for zona pellucida (glycoprotein coat)
* ZP-1, ZP-2, ZP-3
* theca folliculi formation: stromal cells organize assheet of connective tissue cells
131
what is the importance of ZP-3?
receptor for sperm binding
induces acrosomal reaction
132
what is contained in cortical granules of the mature oocyte?
proteolytic enzymes that are released during fertilization
133
defining features of a secondary follicle
* fluid filled cavities
* increased # of granulosa cells
* no further growth of oocyte
* theca folliculi differentiates into interna & externa
134
what cells respond to FSH in the secondary follicle?
granulosa cells
it increases the # of granulosa cells & # of intercellular spaces (antrum)
induces granulosa cells to make LH receptors
135
what factors are required for follicular growth?
FSH
epidermal growth factor
insulin-like growth factors
Ca2+
136
what is liquor folliculi?
excudate of plasma
composed of GAG, proteoglycans, steroid binding proteins, estradiol, inhibin, activin, other hormones
137
appearance of theca interna
highly vascularized cuboidal cells
steroid containing granules
138
function of theca interna
large # of LH receptor tha induces production of androstenedione
139
appearance of theca externa
connective tissue cells with smooth muscle cells & collagen fibers
140
defining features of mature Graafian follicle
* proliferation of granulosa cells
* proliferation of liquor folliculi into single antrum
* cumulus oophorus (stalk) projects oocyte into antral space
* corona radiata innermost layer of cumulus cells that surrounds oocyte
141
which cells of the follicle convert androgen to estradiol?
granulosa cells under FSH stimulation
142
what hormone decreases by mid cycle and why?
FSH due to estrogen negative feedback
143
what does the rapid secretion of estradiol just before ovulation cause?
positive feedback on pituitary
results in LH surge & small rise of FSH
144
effects of preovulation LH surge
* down regulation of LH receptors on granulosa cells
* stop producing estrogens
* resumption of meiosis I
* formation fo secondary oocyte & 1st polar body
* arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
* ovulartion of secondary oocyte on D14 of 28D cycle
* formation of corpus luteum
145
how is the secondary oocyte released from the ovary?
avascular region (stigma) forms→ degeneration of tunica albuginea & wall of Graafian follicle→ follicular rupture
fimbrae pulse oocyte toward oviduct
146
when is the corpus luteum formed?
remnant of Graafian follicle is corpus hemorrhagicum after ovulation
phagocytes remove clot & high levels of LH transform to corpus luteum
\*\*basal lamina is now absent between granulosa & theca interna\*\*
147
what cell types are found in the corpus luteum?
granulosa lutein cells (pale) produce progesterone & some estrogens
theca lutein cells (dark) secrete androgens & small amounts of progesterone
148
what is the function of the corpus luteum?
release of progesterone & estrogens inhibit LH & FSH→ FSH absence prevents second ovulation
149
how is the corpus albicans formed?
if no conception, absence of LH leads to degeneration of corpus luteum to corpus luteum of menstruation
corpus luteum of menstruation lasts for 10-14 days
invaded by macrophages & fibroblast
becomes fibrotic & ceases to function
now called corpus albicans
150
what maintains corpus luteum in pregnancy?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
secreted by syncytiotrophoblast
151
layers of the Fallopian tube
* mucosa w/extensive folds into lumen
* muscularis: poorly defined thick inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle & outer layer of longitudinal fibers
* serosa or peritoneum of mesothelium w/thin layer of loose connective tissue
152
cell types of Fallopian tube mucosa
1. non-ciliated columnar peg cells
* secretory: produce nutritive material & protection for ovum & facilitate capacitation
2. ciliated columnar cells
* influenced by hormonal cycle
lamina propria of loose connective tissue
153
the stratum functionalis is made up of?
simple columnar epithelium
lamina propria w/tubular glands that extend into basalis layer
154
where are the spiral arteries found?
in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
155
where are the straight arteries found?
stratum basale in the endometrium
156
where are the arcuate arteries found?
stratum vasculare or middle layer of the myometrium
157
what is the myometrium composed of?
3 layers of smooth muscle
inner & outer longitudinal layers
middle circular layer (location of arcuate arteries)
158
how does the myometrium change near the cervix?
becomes dense irregular connective tissue w/elastic fibers & scattered smooth muscle cells
159
how does menstruation occur?
* 2 days before, spiral arteries constrict
* reduced O2 to stratum functionalis
* ischemia & necrosis of stratum functionalis
* spiral arteries dilate & rupture
* stratum functionalis is sloughed off
160
what hormone causes an increase in stratum functionalis layer size?
progesterone
161
what structures cause the increase in stratum functionalis layer size?
increased vascularity
accumulation of glycogen secretions of endometrial glands→ glands become highly convoluted & branched
162
what do the stromal cells of the lamina propria become if implantation occurs?
decidual cells
large, pale cells rich in glycogen
163
where does servical cancer typically develop?
transformation zone between endocervix & ectocervix
164
what type of epithelium is found in the endocervix?
simple columnar mucus secreting cells
165
how does cervical mucus change throughout the cycle?
at ovulation & under estrogen, secretes serous fluid
other times & under control of progesterone, secretes more viscous fluid that creates a plug
166
how does cervix expansion occur during parturition?
relaxin (enzyme) breaksdown collagen in the cervix to allow for expansion
167
occurs when the ectocervix grows over then endocervix
nabothian cyst
fills with cervical fluid
168
what are Langerhans cells and where are they found?
macrophages of the vagina
present antigen to T cells in inguinal lymph nodes
169
what effect does estrogen have on the vagina?
stimulates them to synthesize & store glycogen
gives very pale appearance of upper levels of stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina
170
what is the purpose of glycogen in the vagina?
as cells are sloughed off glycogen is released
glycogen is converted to lactic acid by resident bacteria
lowers pH to restrict growth of pathogenic bacteria
171
what are the layers of the vagina?
1. mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium & lamina propria of loose fibroelstic connective tissue
* many lymphocytes, neutrophils, & highly vascularize (lamina propria)
2. muscularis: inner circular & outer longitundinal smooth muscles w/sphincter of striated muscle
3. adventitia of fibroelastic connective tissue
172
what is a pap smear used for?
papanicolaou
diagnostic screening for early signs fo cervical cancer
uses cells from the surface of the vagina & cervix
detection of precancerous changes
173
how many lobes are typically found in the mammary glands?
15-20
subdivided into numerous lobules
174
how are the lobes of the mammary glands separated from one another?
collagenous connective tissue & adipose
175
pathway of milk
* produced & released from alveolar cells
* small ducts from lobules
* lactiferous duct (one/lobe)
* lactiferous sinus
* dilated portion of duct where they merge
* storage area
* nipple & out
176
how do babies acquire passive immunity from their mothers?
IgG & IgA are passed via breast milk
177
how do the mammary glands of pregnant and non-pregnant women differ?
non-pregnant do not have many glands, but an inactive duct system
178
what cells types are found in the mammary gland?
* alveoli→ alveolar cells surrounded by myoepithelium then basal lamina
* small ducts→ simple columnar epithelium
* lactiferous ducts & sinuses→ stratified cuboidal epithelium
179
how and when do the alveoli of the mammary glands form?
during pregnancy under the influence of estrogen & progesterone
180
what is important about the first milk?
called colostrum
high in protein & IgA antibodies
less fat than usual
prolactin activates change in milk a few days after parturition
181
how does the secretion of milk proteins and lipids differ?
proteins are exocytosed (merocrine secretion)
lipids are stored as droplets & released via apocrine secretion (loss of portion of cell)
182
what is associated with rupture of the oviduct & hemorrhaging into the peritoneal cavity?
ectopic pregnancy
183
what phase of the menstrual cycle is influenced by progesterone?
secretory phase
184
