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SM02 Mini4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the embryologic origin of the adenohypophysis?

A

oral ectoderm

evaginates to form Rathke’s pouch

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2
Q

what is the embryologic origin of the neurohypophysis?

A

neural ectoderm

extension of hypothalamus

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3
Q

where is the pars tuberalis?

A

with the pars intermedia connects the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus

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4
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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5
Q

describe the hypophyseal portal system.

A
  • hypothalamus secretes hormones into primary capillary plexus
  • internal carotid artery→ superior hypophyseal artery→ primary capillary plexus (pars tuberalis)→ hypophyseal portal veins→ secondary capillary plexus (pars distalis)
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6
Q

where does the blood from the pituitary drain?

A

into the cavernous sinus

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7
Q

what does the inferior hypophyseal arteries supply?

A

the posterior pituitary or pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

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8
Q

what cells of the adenohypophysis stain acidophilic?

A

(red/pink)

somatotrophs & mammotrophs

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9
Q

what does the somatotrophs produces & secrete?

A

growth hormone (somatotropin)

50% of cells in adenohypophysis

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10
Q

what does the mammotrophs produce & secrete?

A

prolactin

15% of cells in adenohypophysis

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11
Q

what cells of the adenohypophysis stain basophilic?

A

thyrotrophs

corticotrophs

gonadotrophs

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12
Q

what do the gonadotroph produce & secrete?

A

LH & FSH

most cells produce both, but some only produce one or the other

10% of cells in adenohypophysis

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13
Q

what do the corticotrophs produce and secrete?

A

proopiomelanocortin

which is then chopped into ACTH, lipotropin, MSH, & beta-endorphin

20% of cell in adenohypophysis

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14
Q

what is produced & secreted by the thyrotrophs?

A

TSH

5% of cells in adenohypophysis

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15
Q

what cells are found in the adenohypophysis?

A
  • acidophils
    • somatotrophs
    • mammotrophs
  • basophilic
    • thyrotrophs
    • corticotrophs
    • gonadotrophs
  • chromophobes
  • folliculostellate cells
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16
Q

what is the function of folliculostellate cells?

A

support parenchyma or network of intercommunication w/each other

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17
Q

what is the function of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

none

vestigial in humans

colloid-filled cysts w/some scattered groups of basophilic cells

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18
Q

what cell type is this?

A

GH cells

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19
Q

what cell type is this?

A

TSH cells

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20
Q

what cell type is this?

A

adrenocorticotrophs

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21
Q

what cell type is this?

A

LH cells

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22
Q

what is the function of somatostatin in the pituitary?

A

inhibiting production & release of growth hormone

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23
Q

what is the function of dopamine in the pituitary?

A

inhibiting production & release of prolactin, which is otherwise constituitively released

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24
Q

what is the function of FSH?

A

promotes ovarian follicle development & estrogen secretion in women

stimulates spermatogenesis in men

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25
Q

what is the function of LH?

A

promotes ovarian follicle maturation & progesterone secretion in women

Leydig cell stimluation & androgen secretion in men

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26
Q

how is release of ACTH controlled?

A

via negative feedback

adrenal cortex hormones that are stimulated to release by corticotropin (ACTH) inhibits the release of ACTH by the pituitary & inhibits the release of CRH from teh hypothalamus

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27
Q

how is TSH controlled?

A

stimulated release by TRH

inhibited by T3 & T4 (thyroid hormones)→ these also inhibit the release of TRH

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28
Q

what are pituicytes?

A

supporting cells of the pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

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29
Q

how are hormones released into the posterior pituitary?

A

neurons of the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus extend unmyelinated axons

axons form hypothalamohypophyseal tract

axons terminate near fenestrated capillaries in pars nervosa

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30
Q

what are Herring bodies?

A

swellings of axons that contain hormones

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31
Q

what part of the brain lacks a BBB?

A

pineal gland

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32
Q

describe the embryologic development of the pineal gland.

A
  • dorsal diverticulum of diencephalon during W10
  • vesicular wall thickens, lumen occluded except at base of outpocket
    • pineal recess communicates w/3rd ventricle
  • formation of compact structure containing pinealocytes & glial-like interstitial cell
    • both derived from neuroepithelial cells
    • meninges envelop & invade to form connective tissue septa
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33
Q

which cells are responsible for melatonin production & secretion?

A

pinealocytes

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34
Q

what is brain sand?

A

corpora arenacea

calcified extracellular concteion of CaPO4 & CaCO3

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35
Q

what is used as a radiological marker in the pineal gland?

A

corpora arenacea

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36
Q

how can pinealocytes be identified?

A

accumulations of golden brown lipofuscin in their cytoplasm

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37
Q

how does melatonin get into the blood stream from pinealocytes?

A

via long cytoplasmic processes w/bulbous expansions that terminate near fenestrated capillaries

release is triggered by unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers from the superior cervical ganglion that enter pineal gland

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38
Q

describe the signaling pathway that inhibits melatonin release.

A
  • light signals conducted to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus by retinohypothalamic tract
  • intermediolateral cell column of thoracic spinal cord via hypothalamospinal tract
  • preganglionic fibers to superior cervical ganglion
  • postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion
  • unmyelinated ends enter pineal gland
  • inhibits melatonin release
    • meltonin simtulated release in darkness
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39
Q

what stimulates melatonin release?

A

in the dark, postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine

activates beta adrenergic receptors

increase in N-acetyltransferase activity

stimulates melatonin synthesis & release

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40
Q

why is melatonin only made in the pineal gland?

A

only location of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase

the enzyme needed to synthesize melatonin

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41
Q

where are the islets of Langerhans found?

A

scattered among the pancreati acini

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42
Q

what does the ventral diverticulum of the foregut give rise to?

A

common bile duct

gallbladder

liver

ventral pancreatic anlage

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43
Q

what is the ventral pancreatic anlage?

A

becomes a portion of the head of the pancreas & uncinate portion of the pancreasw/its ductal system

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44
Q

where is the minor papilla derived from?

A

dorsal anlage

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45
Q

how is the main pancreatic duct formed?

A

fusion of the duct systems from teh dorsal and ventral pancreatic anlages

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46
Q

what is a distinguishing characteristic of teh exocrine pancreatic glands?

A

presence of centroacinar cell in center of acinus

3-4 form the beginning of the duct system from teh acinus

usually seen w/in an acinus

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47
Q

how do pancreatic acini stain?

A

blue at the base due to high RNA & nuclei content

pink at their apex due to high zymogen protein content in granules

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48
Q

which cells have secretin receptors?

A

centroacinar cells

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49
Q

describe the flow of pancreatic exocrine products.

A
  • acinar cells
  • acinar tubules
  • intralobular ducts (intercalated ducts)
  • interlobular ducts
  • main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
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50
Q

what type of cells line the main pancreatic duct?

A

single layer of cuboidal duct cells

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51
Q

function of pancreatic acinar cells

A

production & secretion of amylase, lipase, reibonuclesase, deoxyribonuclease, trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, procarboxypeptidase, elastase

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52
Q

pancreatic enzyme release is stimulated by?

A

cholecystokinin (from duodenum) & ACh (from parasympathetic fibers)

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53
Q

function of the pancreatic ductal cells

A

production & secretion of bicarbonate-rich alkaline fluid

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54
Q

how can the cells found in the islet of Langerhans be differentiated?

A

they must be stained for their products (in granules)

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55
Q

in order of predominance, what are the different cell types in the islets of Langerhans?

A

beta cells

alpha cells

delta cells

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56
Q

which cell type is typically found in the periphery of the islet of Langerhans?

A

alpha cells

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57
Q

how are the islets of Langerhans supplied with blood?

A

via insuloacinar portal system

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58
Q

describe the embryologic origin of the thyroid gland.

A
  • forms late in W4 from endoderm at floor of pharynz by the foramen cecum on developing tongue
  • descends in front of gut as bilobed diverticulum
    • connected to tongue via thryoglossal duct
  • final position in W7
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59
Q

what are the hormones produced by the follicular cells & parafollicular cells?

A

follicular (thyroid) cells: T3 & T4

parafollicular cells: calcitonin

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60
Q

what are the distinguish features between parafollicular and follicular cells?

A

folliular cells are arranged around the colloid & in single (simple) squamous to columnar

parafollicular cells stain lighter & have secretory granules of calcitonin & have no contact w/colloid

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61
Q

what are parafollicular cells derived from?

A

neural crest cells

migrated from ultimobranchial body of 4th pharyngeal arch

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62
Q

what stimulates calcitonin release?

A

high blood serum levels of Ca2+

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63
Q

where & how does calcitonin exert its effects?

A

on osteoclasts

  • inhibit bone reabsorption
  • increase Ca2+ retention by bones
  • decrease Ca2+ & PO42- levels in blood
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64
Q

where are TSH receptors found?

A

on the basal surface of follicular cells

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65
Q

what is thyroglobulin?

A

precursor protein of thyroid hormones

synthesized in rER

post-translationally glycosylated in rER & Golgi

released via exocytosis into lumen of follicle

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66
Q

how is iodide brought into follicular cells?

A

Na+/I- symporter on basal surface of follicular cells

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67
Q

how does iodide get into the lumen of the follicle?

A

via pendrin

an I-/Cl- antiporter in the apical surface of follicular cells

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68
Q

why is H2O2 needed in the follicular lumen?

A

for function of thyroid peroxidase on the apical surface of follicular cells to oxidize iodide to iodine

iodine is more reactive form for conjugation into hormone

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69
Q

how is T3 formed?

A

couple of one MIT & one DIT

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70
Q

how is T4 formed?

A

coupling of two DITs

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71
Q

describe the pathway of thyroid hormone release.

A
  • TSH stimulates endocytosis of iodinated TGB into follicular cells
  • lysosomal pathway
    • endosome fuses w/lysosome
    • TGB degraded into aa, carbs, free MIT, free DIT, T3, T4
    • all released into cytosol
    • MIT & DIT reused
    • T3 & T4 enter capillary at basal surface
  • transepithelial pathway
    • TGB binds transmembrane megalin
    • transported directly from apical to basal surfaces
    • usually only seen in pathological conditions
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72
Q

what causes the most severe cretinism?

A

maternal hypothyroidism

b/c fetal thyroid doesn begin to function until W14

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73
Q

cause of cretinism

A

congenital hypothyroidism

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal life or infancy

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74
Q

signs & symptoms of cretinism

A

dwarfism & mental retardation

75
Q

cause of Graves disease

A

antibodies that mimic TSH

leading to hyperthyroidism

76
Q

signs & symptoms of Graves disease

A

high T3, bulging eyes, & enlarged thyroid gland

77
Q

what is the embryological origin of the parathyroid glands?

A

superior glands come from 4th pharyngeal pouch

inferior come from 3rd pharyngeal pouch (travels downward w/thymus)

78
Q

what cell types are found in the parathyroid glands?

A

principal (chief) & oxyphil cells

79
Q

what are the distinguishing features of oxyphil cells?

A

larger than principal cells

acidophilic cytoplasm (red/pink w/eosin)

lots of mitochondria

pyknotic (condensed) nuclei

80
Q

what is the typical shape of principal cells?

A

polygonal (and small)

81
Q

action of PTH

A

aka parathyroid hormone

  • acts on osteoclasts via osteoblasts to cause increase in blood Ca2+ via bone reabsorption
  • acts on kidneys to increase Ca2+ reabsorption from urine
  • formation of calcitriol (vitamin D) in kidneys to promote intestinal absorption of Ca2+​​
82
Q

what is this?

A

top & right are oxyphils

left is chief/principal cells

83
Q

where are Leydig cells found?

A

interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules

84
Q

what is the function of Leydig cells?

A

produce androgens

have LH receptor that simtulates synthesis & secretion of testosterone

85
Q

what are the functional roles of sertoli cells?

A
  • infantile stage (before birth & first 4 weeks)
    • testis formation or sexual differentiation
  • puberty thru senescence
    • spermatogenesis
86
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis derived from?

A

the peritoneum

creates visceral & parietal layers around the testes

87
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous capsule of testis

88
Q

function of the seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm

89
Q

pathway of sperm

A
  • seminiferous tubule
  • converge to form tubulus rectus
  • rete testis
  • efferent ductules
  • epididymis
  • ductus (vas) deferens end expands to form ampulla
  • ejaculatory duct: joining of vas deferens & duct of seminal vesicle
  • prostatic urethra, penile urethra & out
90
Q

a layer of _____ surrounds the seminiferous tubules.

A

smooth muscle

91
Q

how long does sperm maturation take?

92
Q

what is found in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogonia & primary spermatocytes

93
Q

what is found in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?

A

meiotically active cells

94
Q

how is the blood-testes barrier formed?

A

tight junction

gap junction

basal ectoplasmic specializaiton

AND desmosome-like junction

all work together between Sertoli cells to form this barrier

95
Q

how are elongated speramtids connected to Sertoli cells?

A

via apical ectoplasmic specialization

96
Q

what is the function of Sertoli cells during adulthood?

A
  • nursing cells of spermatogenesis
  • creation of blood-testes barrier
    • prevents sperm antigens from escaping thru basal lamina to blood
  • deliver nutrients
  • move them along to lumen
  • secrete testicular fluid (transport medium)
  • dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during maturation
  • produce chemical mediators of spermatogenesis
97
Q

what is the function of Sertoli cells during infantile stage?

A
  • seminiferous cord formation
  • prevention of ger-cell entry into meiosis & differentiation
  • prevention of Leydig cell function
  • secretion of Mullerian inhibiting hormone
    • ensure regression of Mullerian ducts
98
Q

how does the number of Sertoli cells correlate to sperm count?

A

more Sertoli cells = more spermatozoa produced/day

99
Q

what are the phases of spermiogenesis?

A
  • Golgi phase: multiplication of mitochondria
  • cap phase: formation of acrosomal cap at one pole of the nucleus & start axonemal complex
  • acrosome phase: lengthening of flagellum
  • maturation phase: loss of residual body
100
Q

cause of immotile cilia syndrome

A

lack of dyenin & other proteins required for cilia & flagella motility

101
Q

what is the functional role of capacitation & acrosome reaction?

A

control of activation/release of acrosomal enzymes involved in sperm penetration thru zona pellucida of oocyte

102
Q

what is capacitation?

A

when sperm are exposed to female tract environment

surface proteins & carbohydrates as well as seminal plasma proteins

103
Q

appearance of Leydig cells

A

pale acidophilic

polyhedral

usually have one nucleus

filled w/lipid droplets of steroid (testosterone)

104
Q

what is the lining of the rete testis?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

105
Q

what is the lining of the efferent ductules?

A

tall columnar ciliated cells

alternating with non-ciliated cells

gives scalloped appearance

also has thin circular layer of smooth muscle

106
Q

function of non-ciliated cells in the efferent ductules?

A

absorption of fluid produced w/in seminiferous tubules

107
Q

what is the lining of the epididymis?

A

pseudostratified columnar with long stereocilia

circular muscle layer outside basal lamina for peristalsis movement of spermatozoa

108
Q

what occurs in the body & tail of the epididymis?

A

storage of sperm

final differentiating steps of sperm development

uptake & digestion of residual bodies

109
Q

how is sperm moved through the vas deferens?

A

beating of stereocilia

contractions of smooth muscle: 3 layers longitudinal innermost & outer, with circular in the middle

110
Q

what lines the ejaculatory duct?

A

simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/o muscular layers

travels thru prostate to prostatic urethra

111
Q

what is the origin of most BPH?

A

BPH= benign prostate hyperplasia

transition zone or submucosal glands of the prostate

112
Q

what are the zones of the prostate?

A
  1. central zone (mucosal gland) surrounding the prostatic urethra
  2. transition zone (submucosal glands)
  3. peripheral zone (outer main glands)
113
Q

what is the origin of most prostate cancers?

A

peripheral zone of the prostate

114
Q

describe the microscopic appearance of the prostate.

A

secretory cell are slightly acidophilic w/visible secretory granules in the cytoplasm

epithelium is simple columnar to cuboidal, may appear pseudostratified

glands embedded in fribromuscular stroma

smooth muscle separated by strands of connective tissue rich in collagenous & elastic fibers

115
Q

function of seminal vesicles

A

changes with level of testosterone

secretes 70% of ejaculate: fructose, citrate, prostaglandin, etc.

116
Q

what is the seminal vesicles derived from?

A

outgrowth of ductus deferens

117
Q

describe the structure of the seminal vesicles

A

mucosa form chambers or crypts that open to larger cavity

cuboidal or nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

lamina propria rich in elastic fibers

inner circular & outer longitudinal muscularis

elastic rich adventitia

118
Q

what hormone is primarily begin produced & secreted from the ovary during theproliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

119
Q

what marks the end of puberty in females?

A

menarche

or first menses

usually between 9-14yo

120
Q

what is found in the overian cortex?

A

ovarian follicles & corpus luteum

121
Q

what is found in the ovarian medulla?

A

loose connective tissue

blood vessels

lymphatics

122
Q

what is the germinal epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal cell that cover the ovary

derived from mesothelium

gives rise to follicular cells

123
Q

where is the tunica albuginea found in females?

A

its a dense connective tissue layer found just beneath the germinal epithelium

**not as prevalent in females as males**

124
Q

when do oogonia proliferate to form primary oocytes?

A

by the 7th month of development

125
Q

primary oocytes are arrested at what stage at birth?

A

diplotene (chromosome separation) of meiosis I

126
Q

what causes primary oocyte arrest?

A

oocyte maturation inhibitor

produced by follicular (squamous) cells of primodial follicles

127
Q

approximately what percentage of primary oocytes are released as mature ova in a woman’s lifespan?

128
Q

defining features of a primordial follicle

A
  • large eccentric nucleus w/1 or more nucleoli
  • Balbiani body
    • composed of Golgi, ER, mitochondria & lysosomes
  • annulate lamellae: resemble profiles of nuclea envelop
129
Q

defining features of a unilaminar primary follicle

A
  • primary oocyte
  • single layer simple cuboidal or columnar follicular cells
  • follicular cells on basal lamina
  • stromal cells outside basal lamina
130
Q

defining features of a multilaminar primary follicle

A
  • stratified folicular layer= granulosa
  • oocyte secretes proteins for zona pellucida (glycoprotein coat)
    • ZP-1, ZP-2, ZP-3
  • theca folliculi formation: stromal cells organize assheet of connective tissue cells
131
Q

what is the importance of ZP-3?

A

receptor for sperm binding

induces acrosomal reaction

132
Q

what is contained in cortical granules of the mature oocyte?

A

proteolytic enzymes that are released during fertilization

133
Q

defining features of a secondary follicle

A
  • fluid filled cavities
  • increased # of granulosa cells
  • no further growth of oocyte
  • theca folliculi differentiates into interna & externa
134
Q

what cells respond to FSH in the secondary follicle?

A

granulosa cells

it increases the # of granulosa cells & # of intercellular spaces (antrum)

induces granulosa cells to make LH receptors

135
Q

what factors are required for follicular growth?

A

FSH

epidermal growth factor

insulin-like growth factors

Ca2+

136
Q

what is liquor folliculi?

A

excudate of plasma

composed of GAG, proteoglycans, steroid binding proteins, estradiol, inhibin, activin, other hormones

137
Q

appearance of theca interna

A

highly vascularized cuboidal cells

steroid containing granules

138
Q

function of theca interna

A

large # of LH receptor tha induces production of androstenedione

139
Q

appearance of theca externa

A

connective tissue cells with smooth muscle cells & collagen fibers

140
Q

defining features of mature Graafian follicle

A
  • proliferation of granulosa cells
  • proliferation of liquor folliculi into single antrum
  • cumulus oophorus (stalk) projects oocyte into antral space
  • corona radiata innermost layer of cumulus cells that surrounds oocyte
141
Q

which cells of the follicle convert androgen to estradiol?

A

granulosa cells under FSH stimulation

142
Q

what hormone decreases by mid cycle and why?

A

FSH due to estrogen negative feedback

143
Q

what does the rapid secretion of estradiol just before ovulation cause?

A

positive feedback on pituitary

results in LH surge & small rise of FSH

144
Q

effects of preovulation LH surge

A
  • down regulation of LH receptors on granulosa cells
    • stop producing estrogens
  • resumption of meiosis I
  • formation fo secondary oocyte & 1st polar body
    • arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
  • ovulartion of secondary oocyte on D14 of 28D cycle
  • formation of corpus luteum
145
Q

how is the secondary oocyte released from the ovary?

A

avascular region (stigma) forms→ degeneration of tunica albuginea & wall of Graafian follicle→ follicular rupture

fimbrae pulse oocyte toward oviduct

146
Q

when is the corpus luteum formed?

A

remnant of Graafian follicle is corpus hemorrhagicum after ovulation

phagocytes remove clot & high levels of LH transform to corpus luteum

**basal lamina is now absent between granulosa & theca interna**

147
Q

what cell types are found in the corpus luteum?

A

granulosa lutein cells (pale) produce progesterone & some estrogens

theca lutein cells (dark) secrete androgens & small amounts of progesterone

148
Q

what is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

release of progesterone & estrogens inhibit LH & FSH→ FSH absence prevents second ovulation

149
Q

how is the corpus albicans formed?

A

if no conception, absence of LH leads to degeneration of corpus luteum to corpus luteum of menstruation

corpus luteum of menstruation lasts for 10-14 days

invaded by macrophages & fibroblast

becomes fibrotic & ceases to function

now called corpus albicans

150
Q

what maintains corpus luteum in pregnancy?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

secreted by syncytiotrophoblast

151
Q

layers of the Fallopian tube

A
  • mucosa w/extensive folds into lumen
  • muscularis: poorly defined thick inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle & outer layer of longitudinal fibers
  • serosa or peritoneum of mesothelium w/thin layer of loose connective tissue
152
Q

cell types of Fallopian tube mucosa

A
  1. non-ciliated columnar peg cells
    • secretory: produce nutritive material & protection for ovum & facilitate capacitation
  2. ciliated columnar cells
    • influenced by hormonal cycle

lamina propria of loose connective tissue

153
Q

the stratum functionalis is made up of?

A

simple columnar epithelium

lamina propria w/tubular glands that extend into basalis layer

154
Q

where are the spiral arteries found?

A

in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium

155
Q

where are the straight arteries found?

A

stratum basale in the endometrium

156
Q

where are the arcuate arteries found?

A

stratum vasculare or middle layer of the myometrium

157
Q

what is the myometrium composed of?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

inner & outer longitudinal layers

middle circular layer (location of arcuate arteries)

158
Q

how does the myometrium change near the cervix?

A

becomes dense irregular connective tissue w/elastic fibers & scattered smooth muscle cells

159
Q

how does menstruation occur?

A
  • 2 days before, spiral arteries constrict
  • reduced O2 to stratum functionalis
  • ischemia & necrosis of stratum functionalis
  • spiral arteries dilate & rupture
  • stratum functionalis is sloughed off
160
Q

what hormone causes an increase in stratum functionalis layer size?

A

progesterone

161
Q

what structures cause the increase in stratum functionalis layer size?

A

increased vascularity

accumulation of glycogen secretions of endometrial glands→ glands become highly convoluted & branched

162
Q

what do the stromal cells of the lamina propria become if implantation occurs?

A

decidual cells

large, pale cells rich in glycogen

163
Q

where does servical cancer typically develop?

A

transformation zone between endocervix & ectocervix

164
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the endocervix?

A

simple columnar mucus secreting cells

165
Q

how does cervical mucus change throughout the cycle?

A

at ovulation & under estrogen, secretes serous fluid

other times & under control of progesterone, secretes more viscous fluid that creates a plug

166
Q

how does cervix expansion occur during parturition?

A

relaxin (enzyme) breaksdown collagen in the cervix to allow for expansion

167
Q

occurs when the ectocervix grows over then endocervix

A

nabothian cyst

fills with cervical fluid

168
Q

what are Langerhans cells and where are they found?

A

macrophages of the vagina

present antigen to T cells in inguinal lymph nodes

169
Q

what effect does estrogen have on the vagina?

A

stimulates them to synthesize & store glycogen

gives very pale appearance of upper levels of stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina

170
Q

what is the purpose of glycogen in the vagina?

A

as cells are sloughed off glycogen is released

glycogen is converted to lactic acid by resident bacteria

lowers pH to restrict growth of pathogenic bacteria

171
Q

what are the layers of the vagina?

A
  1. mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium & lamina propria of loose fibroelstic connective tissue
    • many lymphocytes, neutrophils, & highly vascularize (lamina propria)
  2. muscularis: inner circular & outer longitundinal smooth muscles w/sphincter of striated muscle
  3. adventitia of fibroelastic connective tissue
172
Q

what is a pap smear used for?

A

papanicolaou

diagnostic screening for early signs fo cervical cancer

uses cells from the surface of the vagina & cervix

detection of precancerous changes

173
Q

how many lobes are typically found in the mammary glands?

A

15-20

subdivided into numerous lobules

174
Q

how are the lobes of the mammary glands separated from one another?

A

collagenous connective tissue & adipose

175
Q

pathway of milk

A
  • produced & released from alveolar cells
  • small ducts from lobules
  • lactiferous duct (one/lobe)
  • lactiferous sinus
    • dilated portion of duct where they merge
    • storage area
  • nipple & out
176
Q

how do babies acquire passive immunity from their mothers?

A

IgG & IgA are passed via breast milk

177
Q

how do the mammary glands of pregnant and non-pregnant women differ?

A

non-pregnant do not have many glands, but an inactive duct system

178
Q

what cells types are found in the mammary gland?

A
  • alveoli→ alveolar cells surrounded by myoepithelium then basal lamina
  • small ducts→ simple columnar epithelium
  • lactiferous ducts & sinuses→ stratified cuboidal epithelium
179
Q

how and when do the alveoli of the mammary glands form?

A

during pregnancy under the influence of estrogen & progesterone

180
Q

what is important about the first milk?

A

called colostrum

high in protein & IgA antibodies

less fat than usual

prolactin activates change in milk a few days after parturition

181
Q

how does the secretion of milk proteins and lipids differ?

A

proteins are exocytosed (merocrine secretion)

lipids are stored as droplets & released via apocrine secretion (loss of portion of cell)

182
Q

what is associated with rupture of the oviduct & hemorrhaging into the peritoneal cavity?

A

ectopic pregnancy

183
Q

what phase of the menstrual cycle is influenced by progesterone?

A

secretory phase

Microanatomy (9 decks)

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