SM01 Mini1 Flashcards

Question

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 1

aka cytosolic fluid composition: [Na⁺]₀=15mM, [K⁺]₀=120mM, [Ca²⁺]₀=10^-7M, [Cl^-]₀=20mM, [Protein]= 4mM pH=7.2

Answer 2

1. transport 2. anchor 3. receptor (communication) 4. enzyme

Answer 3

large & small subunits made of protein & RNA perform RNA translation to protein (1º structure) found in the cytosol & on ER

Answer 4

nonmolite no membrane composed of accumulated metabolites mainly: fat droplets, glycogen granules, & lipfuscin granules

Answer 5

no membrane, spheroid type of cytoplasmic inclusion accumulation of lipid molecules mostly found in adipocytes, adrenal cortex cells, liver often in association with smooth ER (where lipids are made) clear in EM picture

Answer 6

aka rosettes type of cytoplasmic inclusion stored energy source no membrane aggregates of glycogen mostly in liver & skeletal muscle dense, dark no clear shape in EM picture

Answer 7

type of cytoplasmic inclusion, but sometimes has membrane small, pigmented golden-brown in LM accumulated waste product occur with age in stable non-dividing cells ie. neurons & muscle

Answer 8

network of protein filaments criss-crossing the cell constantly assembling & disassembling cell shape, movement of intracellular material, motility of cell

Answer 9

Subunit: Tubulin (alpha & beta heterodimers) functions: intracellular organelle transport, form cilia & flagella, form mitotic spindle beta points to + end; alpha to - end grows & shrinks at + end bound to GTP, conversion to GDP signals tubulin breakdown 13 protofilaments form hollow tube

Answer 10

aka Actin (after subunit) function: shape at cell's surface, rearranging powers locomotion, form contractile ring during mitosis 2 standed helix add at + end G actin: free globular actin monomers F actin: assembled in filaments treadmilling: subunit travels through filament & falls off - end, occurs when rate of addition= rate of falling off

Answer 11

Subunit: several proteins function: provide mechanical strength & form nuclear lamina monomer → dimer (coiled together) → staggered tetramer → 8 tetramers twisted into ropelike filament very tough, survive cell death ex. hair, nails, outer layer of skin

Answer 12

protein motor on microtubules transports material to - end (nucleus) uses ATP slides microtubule doublet past another to bend cilia or flagella

Answer 13

protein motor on microtubules transports material to + end (cell periphery) uses ATP

Answer 14

motor protein on actin that slides one filament across another uses ATP basis of contraction

Answer 15

beat back & forth to moe material past short & numerous made of microtubules (9+2 formation of doublets) use of basal bodies instead of centrosome for nucleation ex. respiratory tract

Answer 16

beat back & forth to move cell long & few made of microtubules (9+2 formation doublets) use of basal bodies instead of centrosome for nucleation ex. sperm tail

Answer 17

thin foot leading edge of cell during cell motility driven by actin polymerization

Answer 18

thread foot slender cytoplasmic projections that extend beyond lamellipodia in migrating cells form adhesions with substratum sense cheomtropic cues & change direction

Answer 19

formed by dense bundle of cross-linked actin filaments that are linked to terminal web increase cell surace area for absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, & mechanotransduction

Answer 20

link intermediate filament networks of adjoining cells to hold tissue together

Answer 21

Cytoplasmic: keratins (epithelia), vimemtin & related (connective tissue, muscle, & glial cells), neurofilaments (nerve cells) Nuclear: nuclear lamins

Answer 22

intermediate filament inside of nuclear envelope of all cells control assembly of nuclear envelope & organization of perinuclear chromatin

Answer 23

microtubule organizing center 1 in interphase, 2 in mitosis anchors - end (alpha side) near nucleus in interphase or spindle poles in mitosis 2 centrioles at 90º from each other

Answer 24

nine triplets of microtubule with protein links between them two together at 90º make up a centrosome

Answer 25

PC cloud of protein around centrioles in which their - ends are embedded contain gamma-tubulin in rings= nucleating sites

Answer 26

made of two centrioles at 90º but no Pericentriolar matrix with gamma-tubulin nucleating rings

Answer 27

actin-related proteins begin assembly of filaments, but don't cap so monomers can still fall off most frequently nucleated at or near plasma membrane

Answer 28

stabilizes actin filaments that make up the terminal web binds them to the apical cell membrane

Answer 29

chemotherapeutic drug that binds & stabilizes microtubules thus inhibiting cell division

Answer 30

organelle in eukaryotes, "brain of the cell," houses DNA functions: cellular regulation (genetic material) & production of ribosomal subunits dense circle in cell on LM most cells have one, but some have more (hepatocytes, skeletal muscle) & few have none (erythrocytes)

Answer 31

composed of intermediate filaments (lamins) functions: mechanical support, attachment site for chromatin to envelop, control nuceus disassembly during mitosis

Answer 32

DNA & proteins (ie histones) found in nucleus of eukaryotic cell

Answer 33

structure of long DNA molecule & associated proteins that carry hereditary information of a human cell 46 in human usually only seen during mitosis or meiosis

Answer 34

8 histone molecules: 2 each of H2A, H2B, H3, & H4 DNA wraps around it and is held on at Link DNA by H1 histone

Answer 35

ribosomal RNA used to make ribosomes transcribed & translated in nucleolus knobs on top of 5 chromosomes code for these (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) when knobs come together with cloud of assembling ribosomes, creates nucleolus (this is how you can have multiple)

Answer 36

messenger RNA codes for proteins transcribed & modified (splicing & 3' polyadenylation) in nucleus, then transported to cytoplasm to ribosomes

Answer 37

transfer RNA used during translation to carry and match up with amino acids

Answer 38

dense black spots in nucleus on EM highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive DNA

Answer 39

clear areas in nucleus on EM less condensed, transcriptionally active DNA

Answer 40

caps the end of a chromosome so they don't degrade repeated nonsense DNA

Answer 41

when DNA or RNA polymerase binds & starts transcription

Answer 42

DNA location on sister chromatids that bind together

Answer 43

Proteins that bind to the centromere & link microtubules that form spindle fibers during mitosis

Answer 44

Nuclear Pore Complexes VERY tightly regulated controls movement of all macromolecules between nucleus & cytoplasm ions, ATP & \<50kDa proteins diffuse freely

Answer 45

organelle specific proteins MUST have one to get to its corresponding organelle made of a unique amino acid sequence & folded in a particular parttern: single discrete stretch or juxaposition after folding

Answer 46

Nuclear Localization Signal (or Sequence) signal for nuclear import usually basic amino acids

Answer 47

Nuclear Export Signal (or Sequence) singal for nuclear exportation usually contains hydrophobis amino acids

Answer 48

import carriers to nucleus binds NLS-containing import cargo→ docks at NPC→ carries through NPC→ stimulated to release cargo by RAN protein inside nucleus→ recycles back to cytoplasm

Answer 49

export carriers from nucleus binds NES-containing export cargo→ docks at NPC→ carries through NPC→ stimulated to release cargo by RAN protein outside nucleus→ recycles back to nucleus

Answer 50

small GTPase that regulates binding and release of importins & exportins regulated by GTP or GDP form

Answer 51

Phosphate- sugar backbone: 5'C one sugar- phosphate- 3'C next sugar sugar is deoxyribose: 5C, 5 membered heterocyclic ring (5' is NOT in ring) nucleosides are attached at 1' C: can be C, G, A, or T guanine & cytosine form 3 H bonds, adenoine & thymine form only 2 in humans: antiparallel strands form double helix

Answer 52

1. carry information 2. must replicate 3. must be able to change, mutations 4. must govern phenotype

Answer 53

semiconservative occurs during S (synthesis) phase during interphase

Answer 54

proteins bind to DNA & open helix to prepare for complementary base pairing

Answer 55

proteins connect the correct sequence of nucleotides to extend the new strand of DNA

Answer 56

proteins release the replication complex

Answer 57

1. semiconservative 2. starts at "origin" 3. bidirectional 4. semi-discontinuous 5. synthesized in 5' → 3' direction 6. RNA primers required

Answer 58

in replication each strand is a template for a new daughter strand & stays with daugther strand wehn cell divides, so each new cell has 1 parent & 1 daughter

Answer 59

origin of replication where DNA replication starts many on eukaryotes, approx. every 100,000bp

Answer 60

DNA fragment going toward the replication fork synthesized continuously

Answer 61

synthesized in fragments (Okazaki) moves toward origin

Answer 62

short fragments of new DNA form the lagging strand template

Answer 63

synthesizes lagging strand also has exonuclease activity to correct errors in 3'→5' direction

Answer 64

synthesizes leading strand of DNA also has exonuclease activity to correct errors in 3'→5' direction

Answer 65

primase that works as DNA & RNA polymerase RNA polymersase part provides a base paired 3' end as a starting point for delta/epsilon by creating approx. 10 nucleotide primers b/c DNA polymerase delta/epsilon can only add to existing strand

Answer 66

enzyme with integrated RNA template for the lagging strand of the telomere sequence is tandem repeats RNA-dependent DNA polymerase