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Microanatomy > SM02 Mini2 > Flashcards

SM02 Mini2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the the digestive system?

A
  • oral cavity
    • tongue
    • salivary glands
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • appendix
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anus
  • accessory: liver, gallbladder, & pancreas
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2
Q

apex of the sulcus terminalis?

A

foramen cecum

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3
Q

sulcus terminalis

A

v-shaped junction between 2 parts of tongue from different embryological origins

anterior oral two-thirds

posterior pharyngeal one-third

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4
Q

type of epithelium found on the dorsal aspect of the tongue

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

except for parts of protruding papillae

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5
Q

type of epothelium found on ventral aspect of tongue

A

nonkeratinzed stratified epithelium

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6
Q

where in the digestive mucosa is the muscularis mucosa absent?

A

the tongue

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7
Q

what nerve controls the muscular layer of the tongue?

A

CN XII

Hypoglossal nerve

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8
Q
A

on right (top to bottom):

  • palatine tonsil
  • lingual tonsil
  • palatoglossal arch & mucosa
  • foramen cecum
  • sulcus terminalis
  • circumvallate papillae
  • foliate papillae
  • filliform papillae
  • fungiform papillae
  • median sulcus
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9
Q

features of filiform papillae

A
  • heavily keratinized epithelium
  • connective tissue core
  • catch food
  • give tongue sandpaper-like character
  • most abundant type of papillae
  • no taste buds
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10
Q

which papillae of the tongue do not have taste buds?

A

filiform papillae

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11
Q

features of fungiform papillae

A
  • muschroom-shaped projections
  • larger than filiform
  • non-keratinzied or lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • taste buds on dorsal surface
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12
Q

features of circumvallate papillae

A
  • largest papillae
  • row across tongue 2/3 of the way posteriorly
  • mushroom-shaped
  • non-keratinized epithelium
  • 250 taste buds/papilla
    • located laterally, facing moat surrounding papilla’s base
  • von Eber’s glands
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13
Q

what are von Ebner’s glands?

A

purely serous glands in association w/circumvallate papillae

secrete into circumvallate moat

stain dark

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14
Q

features of foliate papillae

A
  • leaf-like
  • found along the sides of the tongue
  • rudimentary in humans
    • absent in some individuals
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15
Q

where are the minor salivary glands found?

A

throughout submucosa: lips, cheeks, soft palate, & floor of oral cavity

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16
Q

what do the minor salivary glands secrete?

A

all seromucous glands

secreting mucus & serous fluids

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17
Q

what are the major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, & sublingual

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18
Q

how do the major salivary glands differ from the minor ones?

A
  • secrete into oral cavity via excretory ducts
  • surrounded by capsule of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
  • division into lobes & lobules by septa of connective tissue
  • ductal system
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19
Q

what are myoepithelial cells?

A

muscle-like epithelia that surround sercretory acini of major salivary glands

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20
Q

what types of glandular cells are in the parotid gland?

A

purely serous cells

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21
Q

what types of glandular cells are in the submandibular gland?

A

mixed serous & mucous cells

predominantly serous secreting

distinctive demilunes

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22
Q

what types of glandular cells are in the sublingual gland?

A

mixed serous & mucous cells

predominantly mucous secreting

serous demilunes present

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23
Q

what are the histological difference found inthe ductal system of the major salivary glands?

A

in order from secretory cells to oral cavity:

  • intercalated ducts: low cuboidal cells
  • straited ducts: simple cuboidal w/basal striations
  • interlobular/excretory ducts:w/in connective tissue septa of gland
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24
Q

what is the purpose of the basal striations of the striated ducts?

A

active transport of Na+ ions from saliva into extracellular space

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25
Q

4 layers of GI tube

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. adventitia/serosa
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26
Q

what type of papillae is this?

A

filiform papilla

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27
Q

what type of papilla is this?

A

fungiform

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28
Q

what type of papilla is this?

A

circumvallate papilla

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29
Q

what is at the tip of the arrowhead?

A

von Ebner’s glands

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30
Q

what type of papilla is this?

A

foliate papilla

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31
Q

what type of gland is this?

A

Parotid

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32
Q

what gland is this from?

A

Parotid

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33
Q

what gland is this?

A

submandibular

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34
Q

what gland is this?

A

submandibular

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35
Q

what gland is this?

A

sublingual

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36
Q

what are the layers of the GI mucosa?

A

epithelium

lamina propria: loose connective tissue

muscularis mucosae: thin layer of smooth muscle (can be absent in some individuals)

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37
Q

what is found in the GI submucosa?

A

dense connective tissue layer

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plxus)

**glands** only in esophagus & duodenum

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38
Q

where is Auerbach’s plexus found?

A

aka myenteric plexus

between the inner circular & outer longitudinal layers of muscle in the muscularis externa

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39
Q

how many muscles are found in the muscularis externa?

A

normally 2: inner circular layer & outer longitudinal layer

but stomach has a 3rd innermost layer in the oblique direction

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40
Q

what is the difference between serosa & adventitia?

A
  • adventitia
    • outermost layer is attached to surrounding tissue
    • fibrous connective tissue arranged around organ that it supports
  • serosa
    • outermost layer lies adjacent to peritoneal cavity
    • connective tissue w/surface of mesothelium
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41
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the esophagus?

A

stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

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42
Q

what do the submucosal glands of the esophagus secrete?

A

mucus

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43
Q

where are cardiac glands found & what do they secrete?

A

mucus secreting glands of the esophagus

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44
Q

how can the muscularis externa layer differeniate which section of esophagus one is viewing?

A
  • superior (oral) portion has only skeletal muscle
  • middle portion has a mix of skeletal & smooth muscle
  • inferior portion has only smooth muscle
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45
Q

where is the physiological sphincter?

A

at the junction between the esophagus & stomach

not a “real” sphincter b/c there is no morphological thickening of the inner circular layer of muscle

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46
Q

Is the eosphagus coasted by serosa or adeventita?

A

both

serosa in the peritoneal cavity & adeventitia above

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47
Q

what is this?

A

esophagus

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48
Q

what are the portective mechanisms of the esophagus?

A
  • thick stratified squamous epithelium
  • scattered lymphatic tissue
    • mainly B cells
    • antibodies present in lamina propria & submucosa
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49
Q

what is GERD?

A

gastro-esophageal-reflux-dz

stomach acid refluxes into esophagus

if esophageal mucusis no longer present for protection of the mucosa, then pathological condition

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50
Q

what is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus is replaced by simple columnar epithelium of stomach

if congential→ok

if acquired→precancerous

**thus do not ignore chronic heartburn**

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51
Q

what type of mucosa is this?

A

normal, healthy esophageal mucosa

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52
Q

what type of mucosa is this?

A

Barrett’s esophagus

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53
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

simple columnar

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54
Q

what are gastric pits?

A

invaginations of mucosa that terminate as gastric glands

glands vary in different regions of the stomach

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55
Q

how are the glands of the cardiac region of the stomach formed?

A

50/50 ratio of gastric pit to gland

deep, long, branched, & coiled

contain mucus-secreting cells, stem cells, & enteroendocrine cells

very few parietal cell present

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56
Q

how are the gastric pits of the pyloric region of the stomach characterized?

A

2/3 pit: 1/3 gland

deep pits

short, branched, coiled glands

predominantly mucus-secreting cells

also contain enteroendocrine, G cells, & D cells

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57
Q

what is the function of G cells?

A

to secrete gastrin

found deep in pyloric glands

58
Q

what is the function of D cells?

A

to secrete somatostatin

can be found in stomach, intestine, & pancreatic islets

59
Q

how are the gastric pits in the fundus & body of the stomach characterized?

A

1 shallow pits:5 deep glands

glands are straight

neck of glands contains: mucus cells, lot of parietal cells, & stem cells

base of glands contains: few parietal cells, chief cells, mucus cells, & enteroendocrine cells

60
Q

what is the function of parietal cells?

A

production & secretion of HCl & intrinsic factor in the stomach

61
Q

what is the function of chief cells?

A

production & secretion of pepsinogen in the stomach

62
Q

where would this gastric pit be found in the stomach?

A

cardia

63
Q

where would this gastric pit be found in the stomach?

A

pylorus

64
Q

where would this gastric pit be found in the stomach?

A

body or fundus

65
Q

what does a lack of intrinsic factor lead to?

A

gastric atrophy

pernicious anemia

*cannot absorb vitamin B12*

66
Q

why are parietal cells more likely to be found in the upper half instead the lower half of gastric glands?

A

b/c acid secretions would destroy the mucosa if released from the lower half of the gland

67
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

parietal cell

“fried egg” appearance

68
Q

what type of cells are present?

A

black arrow: chief cells

larger cell: parietal cell

69
Q

how is the appearance of Chief cells classified?

A

aka zymogenic/peptic cells

triangular shape

basally located nucleus

strongly basophilic (blue/purple)

70
Q

what is the function of Chief cells?

A

produce & endocytose pepsinogen & a weak lipase

71
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

Chief cell

72
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

parietal cell

73
Q

where are the enteroendocrine cells usually found?

A

at the base of glands in stomach

74
Q

how do mucus neck & surface cells differ?

A

those on the surface secrete a more viscous type of mucus than those found in the neck of the gland

75
Q

how often must the surface mucus cells of the stomach be renewed?

A

3-7 days

76
Q

how are the cells of the stomach renewed?

A

stem cells at the neck of gastric glands mitotically divide & differentiate into different cell types

move in either direction depending on type of cell differentiated

surface mucus cells replaced 3-7 days

glandular cells are replaced over several weeks (less exposure to harsh stomach acid environment)

77
Q

what type(s) of glands are found in the submucosa of the stomach?

A

none

78
Q

what is unique about the muscularis externa of the stomach compared to the rest of the GI tube?

A

it has 3 muscles: inner oblique, middle circular, & outer longitudinal

79
Q

what are the characteristic features of the small intestine mucosa?

A

villi/crypts

plicae circulares: transverse folds

80
Q

what is shown in the picture?

A

small intestinal mucosa

red: villi
blue: plicae circulares

81
Q

what cell types are found in the small intestinal mucosa?

A
  1. goblet cells
  2. columnar absorptive cells
  3. enteroendocrine cells
  4. paneth cells
  5. stem cells
82
Q

where are/what are the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

aka cryptal region

found between vili of small intestines

stem, enteroendocrine, & paneth cells are found at their base

83
Q

what creates the brush border?

A

microvilli coated w/glycocalyx

found on enteroctyes/absorptive cells

84
Q

what is the function of APUD cells?

A

aka amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation

produce hormones (gastrin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, secretin, etc) that enter circulation & modulate various activites of GI tract

85
Q

what is the function of Paneth cells?

A

produce & secrete lysozyme

86
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

tubuloacinar glands

found in submucosa of duodenum

secretes clear alkaline mucin (pH8.2-9.3) that empties into the neck of crypts→ protects mucosa from acidic chyme

creates optimal pH for pancreatic enzyme function

87
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

aggregations of lymphatic tissue (GALT)

covered by M (microfold) cells

more prominent distally w/in the ileum

88
Q

what are the parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum: 25cm
  2. jejunum: 2m
  3. ileum: 3.5m
89
Q

how can the regions of the small intestine be differentiated?

A
  • duodenum: contains Brunner’s glands & leaf-like villi
  • ileum: contains Peyer’s patches & has finger-like villi
  • jejunum: no Brunner’s glands or Peyer’s patches
90
Q

what causes Celiac dz?

A

autoimmune disorder

genetically predisposed

ingestion of gluten leads to damage of villi in small intestine

affects 1:100 ppl worldwide

91
Q

what types are cells are found in colorectal mucosa?

A

simple columnar epithelium: absorptive, globet, stem, & enteroendocrine cells

no villi

no plicae circulares

crypts present

92
Q

what is unique about the muscularis externa of the colon?

A

outer longitudinal layer is divided into 3 strips

taeniae coli

93
Q

where would this mucosa be found?

A

colon, rectum, or anus

94
Q

how can the rectum be differentiated from the colon?

A

no taeniae coli

95
Q

why does the histology of the anal canal change at the pectinate line?

A

b/c the anus has 2 different embryologicla origins

96
Q

how does the epithelium change throughout the anal canal & anus?

A

upper 1/2: simple columnar

lower 1/2: stratified squamous non-keratinized

anus: stratifed squamous keratinized

97
Q

list the accessory glands attached to the digestive tract & their attachements

A
  • liver
    • common hepatic duct→ common bile duct→ sphincter of Boyden→ hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater→ sphincter of Oddi
  • gallbladder
    • cystic duct→ common bile duct→ sphincter of Boyden→ hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater→ sphincter of Oddi
  • pancreas
    • pancreatic duct→ hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater→ sphincter of Oddi
98
Q

role of the liver in digestion

A

production & secretion of bile & transfer of IgA into bile canaliculi

99
Q

role of gallbladder in digestion

A

storage & concentration of bile

100
Q

functions of the liver

A

over 100

  • endocrine functions: production & release of plasma proteins (albumin, lipoproteins, fibrinogen)
  • storage & conversion of some vitamins (A & D)
  • degradation of drugs & toxins by sER
  • modification of hormone actions
  • carbohydrate storage
  • exocrine functions: production & release of bile and transfer of IgA into bile canaliculi
  • phagocytosis by Kuppfer cells
101
Q

why is 75% of blood to the liver deoxygenated?

A
  • carrying
    • nutrients & toxins from intestines
    • blood cells & breakdown products from spleen
    • hormones from pancreas
102
Q

describe boundaries & contents of classic liver lobule

A

based off of pig microanatomy

six-sided polyhedron

surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue

composed of hexagonal mass of anastomosing plates of hepatocytes radiating around central vein & separated by hepatic sinusoids

portal triad at periphery: portal vein, hepatic artery, & bile duct

103
Q

describe boundaries & contents of hepatic acinus

A

diamond shape w/2 central hepatic venules & 2 portal triads as the corners

this model is most frequently used by pathologists & physiologists

104
Q

describe boundaries & contents of 3 zones of liver acinus

A
  • zone 1
    • central area of acinus
    • closest to distributing veins & arterioles
    • most oxygen &nurtrient rich
  • zone 2
    • around zone 1
  • zone 3
    • beyond zone 2
    • connects to central hepatic venules
    • most O2 & nutrient poor blood
105
Q

why is hepatomegaly seen in heart failure?

A

during congestive heart failure, O2 levels in zone 3 of liver acinus is so low that necrosis of hepatocytes occurs

106
Q

describe gallbladder structure

A
107
Q

what is this?

A
108
Q

how are liver lobules drained?

A

central vein of lobule is terminal hepatic venule

several connect to form a single sublobar vein

sublobar veins connect to for hepatic vein

109
Q

where does lymph originate?

A

space of Mall between connective tissue & hepatocytes

110
Q

where are the hepatic sinusoids and their purpose?

A

between anastomosing plates of hepatocytes

mixed blood from from portal triad to central hepatic venule

speciallized capillaries tha carry blood thru liver parenchyma

associated w/endothelial, kupffer, & ito cells

111
Q

describe boundaries & contents of portal lobule

A

allows to describe liver as an exocrine gland

triangle formed by three central hepatic venules w/a portal triad in the center

112
Q

what types of cells compose the liver parenchyma?

A
  • hepatocytes
  • kupffer cells
  • Ito cells
113
Q

compare & contrast the lateral & sinusoidal domains of hepatocytes.

A
  • lateral domains
    • form bile canaliculi that receives exocrine bile
    • leakage prevented by tight junctions on either side of canaliculi
    • gap junctions allow communication between hepatocytes
  • sinusoidal domain
    • have microvilli for exchange of materials w/blood
114
Q

what type of endothelium is found in the hepatic sinusoids?

A

discontinuous sinusoids w/discontinuous basal lamina

large fenestrations w/o diaphragms

large gaps between endothelial cells

115
Q

what is the function of Kupffer cells?

A

macrophages of liver

phagocytes

116
Q

what is the function of ito cells?

A

store vitamin A w/in cytoplasmic lipid droplets

secret vitamin A as retinol

secrete type II collagen (reticular fibers) in the space of Disse (betwen hepatocytes & endothelial cells)

secrete growth factors for new hepatocytes

117
Q

what causes liver cirrhosis?

A

hepatic cell injury triggering collagen fibrotic secretion (type I & III) by myofibroblasts derived form Ito cells in the liver

118
Q

where is glycogen stored in the liver?

A

sER of hepatocytes

119
Q

how do bile acids & bilirubin enter bile?

A
  • bile acids
    • reabsorbed by the intestines
    • cholic acid conjugated w/taurine & glycine in sER
    • secreted into bile canaliculus
  • bilirubin
    • from hemoglobin breakdown
    • glucuronyltransferase conjugates water-insoluble bilirubin forming water-soluble bilirubin glucuronide
    • bilirubin glucuronide secreted into bile canaliculus
120
Q

describe the bile ductal system.

A
  • bile canaliculi form continuous polygonal branching system w/in lobule
  • canaliculi join bile ducts via short squamous canals of Hering
  • R + L bile ducts join to form hepatic duct
121
Q

what are the red arrows pointing at?

A

glycogen granules

122
Q

what is the blue arrow pointing at?

A

bile canaliculus

123
Q

what is stained black?

A

Kupffer cells

124
Q

what is shown in the image?

A

section of gallbladder

mucosa, NO submucosa, muscularis externa, & serosa (excepts where is contacts the liver=adventitia)

125
Q

what type of mucosa is found in the gallbladder?

A

simple columnar epithelium

lamina propria

NO muscularis mucosae

126
Q

what are the arrows indicating?

A

short arrow is pointing to a glomerulus

long arrow is running the length of a medullary ray

127
Q

what is a medullary ray?

A

group of straight collecting ducts in the middle of a renal lobule

medullary refers to their destination, not location

128
Q

ducts of Bellini

A

large collecting ducts that open at renal papilla into minor calyx

formed by the fusion of many collecting tubules

129
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the renal collecting system?

A

cuboidal in tubules but columnar in ducts

gradual change in height

130
Q

what cells respond to ADH and how?

A

principal cells of collecting tubules & ducts by becoming more permeable to water

increasing water reabsorption

131
Q

collecting tubules & ducts are made of what type of cells?

A

mostly principal cells, but also H+ secreting intercalated cells

they cannot be distinguished by H&E stain

132
Q

what is a renal labyrinth?

A

cortical parenchyma that surrounds a medullary ray

133
Q

what is the function of the primary cilium in the kidney?

A

responsible for detecting fluid composition & flow dynamics

associated with stretch activated ion channels in kidney tubules

flow-mediated deflection of cilia axoneme induces increased intracellular Ca2+ that alters gene expression

134
Q

what is a primary cilium & how is it formed?

A

single rod-like organelle that extends into luminal extracellular environment

form on almost all cell types

many receptors are localized on its surface

composed of microtubules (as normal cilia) but non-motile due to lack of cental pair of microtubules 9+0

135
Q

what occurs when primary cilia are defective?

A

ciliopathies

ex. polycystic kidney dz

136
Q

polycystic kidney dz

A
  • caused by defective proteins of primary cilium
  • inhierited autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive
  • 4th leading cause of kidney failure (5%)
  • all races
  • causes numerous fluid-filled cysts to grow in kidneys
  • cysts slowly replace much of kidney→ reduced kidney function
  • cells misinterpret defective primary cilium signal & dedifferentiate & proliferate
137
Q

what structures are part of the excretory pathway?

A

minor & major calyces

ureters

bladder

urethra

138
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the excretory pathway?

A

transitional epithelium

stratified cuboidal with dome-shaped cells on surface

139
Q

how do the ureters deliver urine to the bladder?

A

peristaltic waves of smooth muscle contraction

140
Q

what layers are found in the ureters?

A

mucosa=urothelium (transitional epithelium) +lamina propria

muscularis externa of smooth muscle layered in opposite orientation to that in GI wall

adeventitia of loose connective tissue w/autonomic nerves & plexuses

***same in bladder***

141
Q

urine production pathway starting at glomerular capillary

A
  • glomerulus
  • Bowman’s space
  • urinary pole
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • proximal straight tubule (thick descending limb)
  • thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
  • thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
  • thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
  • distal convoulted tubule
  • collecting duct
  • papillary duct of Bellini
  • area cribrosa
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
    *

Microanatomy (9 decks)

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