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Microanatomy > SM02 Mini1 > Flashcards

SM02 Mini1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of aorta

A

maintain blood pressure

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2
Q

function of arteries

A

distribute blood to & w/in organs

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3
Q

function of arterioles

A

control flow w/in organs

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4
Q

function of capillaries

A

metabolic exhange

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5
Q

function of veins & vena cava

A

buffer blood volume

return blood to heart

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6
Q

tunica initima

A

single layer of endothelial cells sitting on a basal lamina

**only layer found in capillaries

may contain subendothelial connective tissue of loose connective tissue & scattered smooth muscle cells in larger vessels

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7
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer composed of mostly smooth muscle cells

**contraction of these cells regulates blood pressure**

also contains elastic fibers, type II collagen, & proteoglycans

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8
Q

tunica adventitia

A

outer layer of blood vessels

composed mostly of fibroblasts, type I collagen fibers, & longitudinally oriented elastic fbers

continuous w/connective tissue of surrounding elements

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9
Q

vasa vasorum

A

found in tunica adventita & outer part of media of large vessels

supply blood to outer 1/2 of vascular walls

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10
Q

what are the elastic arteries and what makes them elastic?

A

biggest arteries: aorta, major branches, & pulmonary arteries

tunica media is formed by intercalated layers of smooth muscle & elastic laminas

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11
Q

why do elastic arteries need to be elastic?

A

to handle high pressure

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12
Q

Windkessel effect

A

recoil of distended elastic arteries serve to maintain arterial pressure & flow of blood thru tissues

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13
Q

why are holes present in the elastic lamellae of elastic arteries?

A

to allow nutrients/O2 to diffuse

allow processes of smooth muscle cells to contact each other across layers to facilitate synchronised contractions

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14
Q

how are the elastic & collagen fibers formed in the tunica media of elastic arteries?

A

they are synthesized by muscle cells NOT fibroblast as in connective tissue

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15
Q

what cells are used to repair the tunica intima?

A

tunica media smooth muscle cells in response to the appropriate growth factors from endothelial cells

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16
Q

mechanism of an aortic dissection

A
  • tear in tunica intima
  • blood surges into tear separating tunica intima & tunica media
  • dissection may then tear aorta completely open→ rapid blood loss→ death
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17
Q

susceptibilies to aortic dissection

A

chronic HTN creating stress on aortic tissue

Marfan’s syndrome (mutation in fibrillin- major component of elastic fibers) or other connective tissue disorders

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18
Q

defining characteristics for muscular arteries

A

tunica media dominated by smooth muscle cells

internal elastic lamina/membrane separating tunica intima & tunica media, composed of elastin

larger muscular arteries even have an external elastic lamina between tunica media & adventitia

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19
Q

characteristics of arterioles

A

no external elastic lamina

very small also do not have internal elastic lamina

media is only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

very thin tunica adventitia

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20
Q

characteristics of metarterioles

A

branch from arterioles

discontinuous layer of smooth muscle

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21
Q

where is the smooth muscle found in veins?

A

tunica adventitia

used to help move blood along

as opposed to arteries where it is in the tunica media

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22
Q

major distinguishing factor between veins & arteries of the same size?

A

veins will have much smaller tunica media & larger lumen

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23
Q

what are venous valves made of?

A

tunica intima jutting out into the lumen reinforced w/collagen & elastic fibers

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24
Q

why do deep vein thromboses form when people are immobile?

A

because the skeletal muscle pump is inactive allowing local coagulation or clotting of blood

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25
Q

how do varicose veins form?

A

valves fail to close properly

blood pools in vein until it forces vein walls outward→ enlargement & bulging of vein

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26
Q

how is blood flow into the capillaries regulated?

A

contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle rings in arterioles/metarterioles

only 3-5% of capillaries open to maximal blod flow at any one time due to switching

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27
Q

why is capillary flow so highly regulated?

A

temperature regulation

control of blood loss

regulation of nutrients

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28
Q

what are the types of capillaries?

A

continuous

fenestrated

discontinuous/sinusoidal

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29
Q

where are pericytes found & what is their function?

A

basal lamina of pericytes is continuous w/basal lamina of capillaries

functions:

  • take place of tunica media contractin to help move blood thru capillaries & post-capillary venules
  • growth & regeneration of injured blood vessels
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30
Q

characterization of continuous capillaries

A

continuous layer of endothelial cells attached via tight junctions

w/continuous basal lamina

numerous pintocytotic vesicles transport large macromolecules in BOTH directions (EXCEPT in nervous tissue)

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31
Q

where are continuous capillaries found in the body?

A

muscle tissue, connective tissue, exocrine glands, & nervous tissue

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32
Q

characterization of fenestrated capillaries

A

presence of fenestrae/pores in endothelial wall

more permeable to water & small solutes

pores are bridged by ultrathin diaphragm

CONTINUOUS basal lamina

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33
Q

where in the body are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

places of rapid interchange of substances between tissue & blood

intestines

endocrine glands

kidneys (those in glomerulus lack diaphragm for rapid filtration)

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34
Q

characterization of sinusoidal capillaries

A

aka discontinuous capillaries

fenestrated w/no diaphragms AND discontinuous endothelial cells (no tight junctions)

discontinuous basal lamina

tortuous path→ slow blood flow

irregular blood pools or channels that conform to shape of structure where they are located

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35
Q

where in the body are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

specialized for maximal molecular exchange & easy movement of blood cells across endothelium

liver

heatopoietic organs: bone marrow & spleen

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36
Q

what substances are & are not allowed thru the BBB?

A

blood-brain barrier

essential metabolites (oxygen & glucose) are allowed thru

blocks most molecules >500Daltons

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37
Q

How is the BBB so limiting?

A

extensive endothelial tight junctions

very few pintocytotic vesicles (most only take up- ex. LDL)

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38
Q

how is the BBB formed?

A

during early embryonic development

astrocytes secrete factors to induce capillary endothelial cells to form extensive tight junctions

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39
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis

A

direct communication between arterioles & venules

capillaries are bypassed

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40
Q

arterial portal system

A

present in kidney glomerulus

arteriole→capillary→arteriole

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41
Q

venous portal system

A

used in the liver

venule→ capillary→ venule

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42
Q

what layer of the heart is the tunica intima of connecting blood vessels continuous with?

A

endocardium

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43
Q

what forms the endocardium?

A

endothelium of connective tissue lined w/simple squamous endothelial cells

subendocardial layer or variable thickness made of dense connective tissue & contains small blood vessel, nerves, and Purkinje fibers

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44
Q

how are the muscle cells of the myocardium arranged?

A

in complex spirals around orifices of chambers

bundles course in different directions & are separated by loose connective tissue

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45
Q

what forms the epicardium?

A

fibrous connective tissue covered by thin mesothelium

subepicardial layer of loose connective tissue contains coronary vessels, nerves, ganglia, & fat

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46
Q

how are the heart valves anchored?

A

by a fibrous skeleton of dense connective tissue w/in the endocardium

47
Q

what happens when cardiac tissue dies?

A

does not regenerate

replaced by fibrous connective tissue

48
Q

why do Purkinje fibers stain lighter around the nuclei?

A

local acculumation of glycogen

49
Q

atherosclerosis

A

buildup of fats, cholesterol, & other substances in & on artery walls (forming plaques)

50
Q

describe evolution of atherosclerotic plaque.

A
  • endothelial cells damaged
    • due to HTN, smoking, toxins, & other agents
  • monocytes migrate to site of damage
  • monocytes differentiate into macrophages
  • macrophages take up excess lipid becoming foam cells
  • foam cells release growth factors & cytokines that act on smooth muscle cells (SMCs)
  • SMCs react by migrating into intima & surround foam cells
  • SMCs assume synthetic phenotype
    • produce collagen & fibronectin forming a cap under endothelial cells
51
Q

major risk factors for atherosclerosis

A
  1. hyperlipidemia
  2. smoking
  3. HTN
  4. turbulence (as seen in atrial fibrillation)
52
Q

what cell type(s) form foam cells?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. smooth muscle cells (of tunica media)
53
Q

how does smoking promote atherosclerosis?

A

production of carbon monoxide damages endothelial cells

may promote oxidation of LDL

54
Q

describe structure of lymphatic capillaries

A

overlapping free borders of endothelial cells

discontinuous basal lamina

attachment of anchoring fibrils: elastic fiber system that holds lymphatic capillaries open & anchors to surrounding connective tissue

55
Q

describe pathway of air thru all structures to alveoli.

A
  • conducting portion
    • nasal cavity
    • pharynx
    • larynx
    • trachea
    • bronchi
    • bronchioles
    • terminal bronchioles
  • repiratory portion
    • respiratory bronchioles
    • alveolar ducts
    • alveolar sacs
    • alveoli
56
Q

describe the external vestible of the nasal cavity

A
  • most anterior part of nose, includes ala
  • contains vibrisse: short stiffu hairs that filter dust
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • lots of sebaceous & sweat glands in dermis
  • dermis anchored to hyaline cartilage of ala
57
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the nasal fossa?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/goblet cells

aka respiratory epithelium

58
Q

how is the air warmed in the nasal fossa?

A

by the extensive arterial plexuses

59
Q

what structures create a vortex to warm, moisten, and clean air in the nasal fossa?

A

nasal conchae or turbinates

60
Q

what are swell bodies & where are they found?

A

large venous sinuses in the respiratory epithelium of the inferior & middle nasal conchae

61
Q

what is the difference between the superior nasal concha & the other two?

A
  • covered by olfactory mucosa
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • no goblet cells
    • no cilia
62
Q

where is olfactory mucosa found?

A

roof of nasal cavity

superior region of nasal septum

superior nasal concha

63
Q

what cell types are found in olfactory mucosa?

A

olfactory

sustentacular

basal

64
Q

why are the cilia of olfactory receptor cells nonmotile?

A

they lack dynein arms

65
Q

describe the structure of an olfactory receptor cell.

A
  • bipolar neuron
  • olfactory vesicle forms at spical dendritic end w/6-8 long nonmotile cilia attached
  • basal end form unmyelinated axon
  • axons join together to form olfactory nerve
  • life span= 3 months
66
Q

how many scents can each olfactory cell detect?

A

ONE

olfactory cilia of a cell has numerous copies of one particular odor receptor molecule

67
Q

what is the function of sustentacular cells?

A
  • physical support for olfactory cells
  • metabolic support via secretion of odorant-binding proteins to olfactory cells
68
Q

describe the structure of sustentacular cells.

A
  • tall columnar w/apical microvilli
  • ovoid nucleus in apicla third of cell
  • apical secretory granules contain olfactory mucus
69
Q

what is the function of basal cells in the olfactory mucosa?

A

mitotic reservoir

can differentiate into olfactory or sustentacular cells

70
Q

what type of gland & its secretion are found in the lamina propria of olfactory mucosa?

A

Bowman’s gland

serous secretions

trap & solvent odoriferous substances for detection & constant flow clears them away

71
Q

where does the nasal cilia sweep mucus towards?

A

paranasal sinuses

72
Q

what type of epithelium lines each section of the pharynx?

A
  • superior nasopharynx: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
  • middle oropharynx: stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium
  • inferior laryngopharynx: stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium

lamina propria is dense irregular connective tissue w/seromucous glands

73
Q

functions of larynx

A

phonation

prevent entry of food & fluids into respiratory system

74
Q

what type of epithelia lines the epiglottis?

A
  • anterior, apex, & 1/2 of posterior side
    • lingual mucosa= stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
  • postior/laryngeal surface
    • respiratory= pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
75
Q

where is stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium found in the larynx?

A

inferiorly on vocal cords

superior/anterior surface, apex, & 1/2 posterior surface of epiglottis

76
Q

what forms the vocal ligament?

A

large bundles of parallel elastic fibers in dense connective tissue of lamina propria of vocal cords

77
Q

what types of tissue comprises the submucosa of teh trachea?

A

dense irregular fibroelastic connective tissue

w/numerous seromucous glands

78
Q

where are lymphocytes found in the trachea?

A

lamina propria of mucosal layer

79
Q

what surrounds teh submucosa of the trachea?

A

adventitia

composed of fibroelastic connective tissue

houses hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings (16-20) & trachealis smooth muscle between rings

80
Q

do all cells of respiratory epithelium reach the lumen?

A

no, but they all touch the thick basement membrane

81
Q

Name the cell types found in respiratory epithelium

A
  1. goblet cells
  2. ciliated columnnar cells
  3. basal cells
  4. brush cells
  5. serous cells
  6. diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells
82
Q

what are cilia made of?

A

microtubules

83
Q

what are microvilli made of?

A

actin

84
Q

what is the function of goblet cells?

A

secrete mucus on surface of epithelium

85
Q

what is the function of ciliated columnar cells?

A

move/beat mucus and any trapped matter up & out of respiratory tract toward nasopharynx

86
Q

what is the function of basal cells in respiratory epithelium?

A

stem cells to replace goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells, or brush cells

**short & do not reach luminal surface

87
Q

what is the function of brush cells?

A

tall microvili on apical surface of columnar have sensory role

88
Q

what is the function of serous cells in respiratory epithelium?

A

unknown

they are columnar w/apical microvilli

89
Q

what is the function of DNES cells?

A

small graular cells that secrete catecholamines

90
Q

besides mucins and trapped particles, what else is in mucus?

A

immunoglobulins

lysozymes (have antibacterial properties)

antiproteases (disable bacterial function)

91
Q

as the amount of cartilage decreases, what happens to amt of: glands, goblet cells, height of epithelial cells, smooth muscle, elastic tissue?

A
  • decrease in # of glands
  • decrease in # of goblet cells
  • decrease in columnar cell height
  • increase in smooth muscle in respect to wall thickness
  • increase in elastic tissue in respect to wall thickness
92
Q

describe structure of intrapulmonary bronchi.

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • irregular hyaline cartilage plates
  • 2 smooth muscle layers spiral in opposite directions
  • increase of elastic fibers in adventitia & submucosa
  • seromucous glands in lamina propria
93
Q

what are Clara cells?

A

dome-shaped columnar cells w/short microvilli

secretes surface active protein→ prevents luminal adhesion if airway collapses

degrade toxins via cytochrome P450 in SER

divide & differentiation in to ciliated & nonciliated epithelial cells

94
Q

how does the epithelia change as bronchioles decrease in size?

A

decrease # of ciliated cells (single columnar instead of pseudostratified)

increase # of Clara cells

95
Q

what is the key difference in epithelia of terminal bronchioles?

A

epithelial cells become simple cuboidal in shape

96
Q

how are smooth muscle fibers arranged in bronchioles?

A

in concentric spirals

97
Q

how are elastic fibers arranged in bronchioles?

A

longitudinally

98
Q

what type of epithelium is in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

ciliated & non-ciliated cuboidal cells w/Clara cells

interrupted by alveoli

99
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?

A

simple squamous

100
Q

what controls the openin of each alveolus to alveolar duct?

A

single smooth muscle cell embedded in collagen type II

101
Q

what is the interalveolar septum and its composition?

A

alveolar wall between 2 alveoli

reticular fibers (collagen type III), elastic fibers, continuous capillaries, & macrophages

102
Q

what is the function of alveolar pores?

A

connect adjacent alveoli to equalize pressure

103
Q

what is the function of type I pneumocytes?

A

gas exchange

104
Q

describe the structure of the type I pneumocytes.

A
  • simple squamous cells
  • thin cytoplasm
  • organelles close to nucleus
  • form occluding junctions w/each other→ prevent leaking of extracellular fluid into alveolar lumen
  • luminal surface lined by surfactant

**95% of alveolar surface area**

105
Q

which are more numerous: type I or type II pneumocytes?

A

type II

106
Q

which cover more surface area: type I or type II pneumocytes?

A

type I

107
Q

what is the function of type II pneumocytes?

A

produce & phagocytose surfactant

undergo mitosis to regenerate type I & type II pneumocytes

108
Q

describe appearance of type II pneumocytes.

A

cuboidal

form occluding junctions w/adjacent cells (type I)

interspersed among type I pneumocytes

presence of Lamellar bodies→ secrete surfactant

109
Q

Name the layers of the blood-gas barrier.

A
  1. type I pneuomocyte coated in surfactant
  2. basal lamina of alveolar epithelium
  3. basal lamina of capillary endothelium
  4. endothelial cells of continuous capillary

2 & 3 are fused

110
Q

what causes respiratory distress syndrome?

A

no surfactant or inadequate amounts

seen in infants born before 7 months

111
Q

how is respiratory distress syndrome treated?

A
  • synthetic surfactant
    • acts immediately to reduce surface tension
    • replaces surfactant
  • glucocorticoids
    • stimulates type II pneumocyte to produce surfactant
112
Q

describe the pathological progression of emphysema.

A
  • long-term smoking/exposure
  • inhibits alpha-1 antitrypsin
    • normally prevents destruction of elastic fibers in lungs via elastase
      • elastase produced by alveolar macrophages
  • reduced elasticity of lungs & large fluid filled spaces→ decrease in gas exchange capability
113
Q

what is the cause of an asthma attack?

A

bronchiolar smooth muscle prolonged contraction during expiration

difficulty expelling air

114
Q
A

Microanatomy (9 decks)

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