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Computer Science: Frankie > SLR10 > Flashcards

SLR10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a database

A

An organised collection of data

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2
Q

What does a database need to be able to do

A

Add data
Modify data
Delete data
Find data

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3
Q

Where were databases stored before the developments of technology

A

Physical paper format in filing cabinets

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4
Q

What did technology do to make the functionality of databases better

A

Made it easier to retrieve data, back up data, access data and modify data

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5
Q

How is a flat file data base stored

A

In a table

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6
Q

What are the names of the columns and rows in a flat file database

A

Fields and records

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7
Q

What are the benefits of a flat file database (3)

A
  1. They are really easy to set up
  2. They are really simple
  3. They require little maintenance
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8
Q

What are the losses of a flat file database (3)

A
  1. Can become inefficient quickly due to repeated data
  2. Making them slow
  3. Using up unnecessary space
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9
Q

What are the benefits of a flat file database compared to relational database

A
  1. Simple to manage
  2. Great for a small database
  3. In expensive
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10
Q

What are the drawbacks of a flat file database compared to relational database (2)

A
  1. Takes up a lot of unnecessary spade on the computer
  2. Increased data redundancy
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11
Q

What are the benefits of a relational database compared to flat file database (2)

A
  1. More data efficient
  2. Much better for expansion
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12
Q

What are the drawbacks of a relational database compared to flat file database (2)

A
  1. Very time consuming to set up
  2. Much more expensive to set up
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13
Q

What is a relational database

A

A database that has been split over multiple tables

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14
Q

What are the three different ways relational databases can be linked

A
  1. One to One
  2. One to Many
  3. Many to Many
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15
Q

When linking relational databases which is considered to be the worst

A

Many to Many

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16
Q

What is the most important thing in making a relational database effective

A

You are able to find things quickly

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17
Q

What is a primary key in a relational database

A

An item of data that keeps record in every table unique in some way

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18
Q

How can secondary index be made in relational databases

A

From a piece of data (field) this will be used as the search key

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19
Q

When working in a database what are the 4 ways of handling data

A
  1. Capturing
  2. Selecting
  3. Managing
  4. Exchanging
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20
Q

In a database what is the process of capturing

A

Getting the data into the database

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21
Q

In a database what is the process of selecting

A

Being able to query or search for the data

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22
Q

In a database what is the process of managing

A

This is the action of manipulating the data (add, edit and delete)

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23
Q

In a database what is the process of exchanging

A

Moving the data from one device to another

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24
Q

What effect will data being in a paper format have on the data itself

A

The data has to be imputed into a computer, to avoid human error and save time Data Capture Forms allow a computer to scan the data off of a paper without anyone having to input any information into the computer

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25
What are the 2 different types of Data Capture Form
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)
26
What is Optical Character Recognition
A process that reads text by interpreting the shapes of the letters (works much better with printed text over handwritten as each letter is exactly the same whereas everyone’s handwriting is different)
27
Give an example of Optical Character Recognition
Speed cameras
28
What is Optical Mark Recognition
Reads markings then converts this into the correct data and files it
29
Give an example of Optical Mark Recognition
Multiple choice questions
30
Name the 5 manual methods of exchanging data
1. Memory sticks 2. Email 3. Paper based 4. Optical media 5. Removable hard disk
31
How do databases exchange data automatically
Through an interface that deals with both databases known as an EDI (Electronic Data interchange) which takes data and sends it to a set destination
32
What is XML and JSON
XML = Extensible Markup Language JSON = JavaScript Object Notation These are both open formats for structuring data but JSON is hardly used as XML has mostly replaced it. Both used for transporting data
33
What is CSV
Comma-Separated Values The structure of the database is known as it will always be the same due to each record being stored on a separate line and each field being separated by a comma. This make is it easy to extract data from a CSV file
34
What is normalisation
When a database is created with everytime a record or field is added there is a high chance of repetition this can lead to large amounts of unnecessary space being taken up. This can be fixed by rearranging the data this is known as the three normal forms (normalisation)
35
How do we get to the first normal form
All basic databases start at 0NF this is also known as a flat file database to turn this into a 1NF database we must 1. Make sure all fields are unique 2. The values in the fields should be from the same domain 3. Fields in values all need to be atomic (only one in each) 4. No two records can be identical 5. Each table needs a primary key
36
How do we get to second normal form
1. First we need to make sure that the database is in 1NF 2. Then remove all partial dependency’s (a partial dependency is when one or more of the fields depends on only one part of the primary key)
37
How do we get to the third normal form
1. Make sure the database is in 2NF 2. Remove any transitive dependencies 3. Remove any none key dependencies 4. Each key must only have one purpose
38
Can a database in 3NF be denormalized
Yes if normalised correctly
39
What happens when you use indexing in a database that has been normalised
Sacrifices a small amount of space to maintain the index data structure
40
What does SQL stand for
Structured Query Language
41
What it SQLs purpose
Fast / efficient retrieval, deletion and manipulation of data held in rational databases
42
What commands are used in SQL (10)
1. SELECT 2. OR 3. FROM 4. DELETE 5. WHERE 6. INSERT 7. LIKE 8. DROP 9. AND 10. JOIN
43
In SQL what does the SELECT command do
Allows you to select which field in a table you are referring to
44
In SQL what does the OR command do
Allows you to combine two statements into one in your WHERE broadening your field of search; G% OR H% means any record beginning with “G” or “H”
45
In SQL what does the FROM command do
Allows you to select which table you are referring to
46
In SQL what does the DELETE command do
Also known as DELETE FROM. Allows you too delete a full record from a table
47
In SQL what does the WHERE command do
Allows you to select which record in a table you are referring to
48
In SQL what does the INSERT command do
Also known as INSERT INTO. Allows you to add / create an entirely new record into a table
49
In SQL what does the LIKE command do
Allows you to narrow your field of search in WHERE whilst not just choosing one record
50
In SQL what does the DROP command do
Also known as DROP TABLE which means the process of deleting an entire table
51
In SQL what does the AND command do
Allows you to add another statement to your WHERE further narrowing your field of search
52
In SQL what does the JOIN command do
Allows you to join two tables into one
53
How is information stored in a database
In records
54
How does SQL differ from a procedural language
SQL describes what needs to be achieved. A procedural language describes how something should be achieved.
55
What is SQL used for
Database creation and manipulation
56
What is transaction processing
Any information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations
57
In transaction processing can a transaction be partially complete
No All transactions must either be fully completed or completely fail
58
What does CRUD stand for and what does it link up with in SQL
Create = INSERT / CREATE Read = SELECT Update = UPDATE Delete = DELETE
59
What set of rules does the DBMS (Database Management System) follow
ACID
60
What does ACID stand for
Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability
61
What does Atomicity mean (ACID) (2)
1. A change to a database must be either completely performed or not at all. 2. It is known as Atomicity from its derivative word atom meaning it cannot be halved
62
What does consistency mean (ACID) (2)
1. Referential integrity is where any change in the database must retain the overall state of the database 2. A good example of consistency is moving money from one bank account into another. The money that has left the first account must equal the money that will be paid into the second account
63
What does isolation mean (ACID) (3)
1. One transaction cannot be interrupted by another transaction 2. A database management system enforces isolation by implementing a system of record locking 3. The lock is only removed once the transaction is complete
64
What is record locking
When records in a transactions are placed in a read-only state
65
What does durability mean (ACID) (2)
1. Once a change has been made to a database it must not be lost due to system failure 2. To make sure all data is safe it is kept in a non-volatile storage

Computer Science: Frankie (25 decks)

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