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Psyc 250 > Slides for final exam > Flashcards

Slides for final exam Flashcards

1
Q

X and Y chromosomes influence brain development via…

A

prenatal hormones

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2
Q

Gender stereotypes are generated by…

A

society’s gender norms

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3
Q

Research has found male and female personality types align with or don’t align with gender stereotypes?

A

align with - continued to differ in ways consistent with gender stereotypes

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4
Q

Females excel at recalling what type of information?

A

verbal

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5
Q

Which sex is more developmentally vulnerable?

A

Boys

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6
Q

Which sex is more tactful, cooperative and compliant with adults?

A

girls

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7
Q

Which sex uses computers more and expresses greater confidence in computer abilities?

A

males

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8
Q

What is the youngest infant that spent more time looking at a truck or a doll based on biological sex?

A

3 months (study of 3-8 month infants)

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9
Q

By what age do infants look longer at males and females performing gender-inconsistent activities?

A

24 months

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10
Q

By what age do children give verbal proof of gender identity and show awareness that they are either a boy or a girl?

A

2.5 - 3 years

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11
Q

By what age do boys and girls first show preference for playing with toys based on gender?

A

2.5-3 years

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12
Q

By age 5, _______ hold more gender-stereotypical toy preferences than _______

A

boys
girls

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13
Q

Children begin to favor same-sex playmates as early as what age?

A

30-36 months

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14
Q

Which theory of gender development focuses on the prenatal period in which the fetus develops male or female genitalia, which others will react to once the child is born?

A

Biosocial

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15
Q

Which theory of gender development focuses on the baby/toddler years when parents and others label the child as a boy or girl and begin to encourage gender consistent behaviour and discourage cross-sex activities?

A

Social learning

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16
Q

Which theory of gender development focuses on the preschool/early childhood years when children begin to seek information about sex differences, form ideas about gender and actively try to behave in ways viewed as appropriate for their own sex?

A

gender schemata

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17
Q

Which theory of gender development focuses on the late childhood years (elementary school) when children finally acquire the concepts of gender stability and consistency?

A

cognitive development

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18
Q

Which theory of gender development focuses on the period from puberty onward when the biological changes of adolescence, with social pressures, intensify gender differences and stimulate formation of an adult gender identity?

A

biosocial, social learning, gender schema and cognitive development theories

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19
Q

__% of women and __% of men experience sexual abuse

A

27

5

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20
Q

only one in ___ children report being abused within the first 24 hours

A

four

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21
Q

Sexual orientation exists…

A

on a continuum

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22
Q

Do genetics play a role in sexual orientation?

A

yes

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23
Q

After a parents children are grown up, do men tend to take more or less interest in community affairs? What do they focus on?

A

less

religious contemplation, family relationships

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24
Q

__ out of 10 Americans marry

A

9

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25
Q

Do married women or men report somewhat less satisfaction with their sex lives?

A

women

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26
Q

research shows what trend in sexual desire with age?

A

decline

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27
Q

Trait theory assumes that personality traits are (different or consistent) across situations?

A

consistent

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28
Q

At what age do infants recognize themselves as distinct individuals?

A

18 months

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29
Q

At what age do infants form a categorical self?

A

18-24 months

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30
Q

Self-recognition depends on what four things?

A

cognitive development
social interaction
cultural context
temperament

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31
Q

Toddlers who recognize themselves in the mirror are more able to do what three things?

A

talk about themselves/assert their wills

experience self-conscious emotions

coordinate their perspective with others

32
Q

Self-esteem becomes more what with age?

A

multidimensional / differentiated

33
Q

Is self-esteem changing or stable over the elementary school years?

A

stable

34
Q

Why do some children have higher self-esteem than others?

A

Heritable

Environment (parenting, etc)

35
Q

What in childhood is related to the Big Five personality traits later in life?

A

dimensions of early temperament

36
Q

Who proposed that elementary school children develop self-esteem based on scholastic competence, social acceptance, behavioural conduct, athletic competence and physical appearance?

A

Harter

37
Q

Does self-esteem increase, decrease or stay the same from childhood to early adolescence?

A

decrease

38
Q

Most adolescents emerge from this period of life with low, moderate or high self-esteem?

A

high

39
Q

Gender differences in self-esteem disappear at what stage of life?

A

old age

40
Q

Sense of clarity of identity _________ in middle age and __________ in old age

A

rises

declines

41
Q

Personality growth from adolescence to middle adulthood is highlighted by what three Big Five traits?

A

less neuroticism

greater conscientiousness

greater agreeableness

42
Q

There is little personality change to later adulthood except for what?

A

decreased activity level

43
Q

Research supports Erikson’s view that women and men are capable of what during middle adulthood?

A

psychosocial growth

44
Q

The virtue/strength associated with the trust/mistrust stage is what?

A

hope

45
Q

The virtue/strength associated with the identity/role confusion stage is what?

A

fidelity

46
Q

The virtue/strength associated with the generativity/stagnation stage is what?

A

care

47
Q

The virtue/strength associated with the initiative/guilt stage is what?

A

purpose

48
Q

Most researchers agree that there is no real midlife crisis but instead agree that there is…

A

a midlife questioning period

49
Q

To be judged dead (four criteria):

A

Be totally unresponsive to stimuli, including painful ones

Fail to move for 1 hour and fail to breathe for 3 minutes after being removed from a ventilator

No reflexes

No electrical activity in brain

50
Q

Telomeres are stretches of DNA that form the tips of ____________ and that shorten with ________________.

A

chromosomes

every cell division

51
Q

The Parkes/Bowlby attachment model of bereavement describes what four prominent reactions ?

A

Numbness

Yearning

Disorganization and despair

Reorganization

52
Q

Bowlby’s attachment theory of grieving for infants has what three stages?

A

protest

despair

detachment

53
Q

Although adolescents typically understand death as the irreversible cessation of biological processes, they tend to think that what functions continue after death?

A

psychological functions such as knowing, believing and feeling - afterlife

54
Q

___% of adolescents experience a significant grief reaction to losing a parent

A

30

55
Q

Three interventions for those at risk for complicated grief

A

CBT

family therapy

self-help programs

56
Q

At what stage do children grasp that different minds construct different views of reality and that their interpretations of events are influenced by these views?

A

late elementary school

57
Q

4 factors contributing to the construct of theory of mind for children

A

language experience

parent mental state talk

interactions with siblings and peers

cultural differences

58
Q

By age ___ to ___, children appreciate that people can have different points of view

A

8 to 10

59
Q

By age ___, children become capable of mentally juggling multiple perspectives

A

12

60
Q

Newborns display a primitive form of empathy - by what age do children become capable of a truer form of empathy? At what age do they display empathy by taking the perspective of a friend?

A

age 1 to 2

age 2 to 3

61
Q

At what age do toddlers start to display prosocial acts such as helping and cooperation? At what age do they show altruistic rather than selfish motivations?

A

14 months

before age 2

62
Q

At what age do toddlers display/recognize a sense of fairness?

A

15 months

63
Q

Frequency of aggression normally rises from infancy to peak around age ______ and then decreases

A

4 or 5

64
Q

Development of conscience requires mastering what two components?

A

moral emotions

self control

65
Q

By what age do toddlers show signs of emotional distress or grief when breaking a toy?

A

18-24 months

66
Q

Kochanska’s research shows that children are likely to be easiest to socialize if they have what two things?

A

fearful or inhibited temperament

capable of self control

67
Q

the cultural-developmental perspective on morality focuses on which three factors?

A

ethic of autonomy

ethic of community

ethic of divinity

68
Q

The family is what type of system in Bronfenbrenner’s model? What about the culture?

A

microsystem

macrosystem

69
Q

How many adults in the USA are never married?

A

20%

70
Q

How many births in 2017 were to unmarried women?

A

40%

71
Q

How many children being raised by single mother?
By two parents?

A

22%

69%

72
Q

What are the two dimensions of parenting?

A

acceptance-responsiveness

demandingness-control

73
Q

In 2017, one in _____ children in the USA lived in poverty.

The most affected by poverty are:

A

6

female-headed households (41%)

minority children

74
Q

What are four functions of siblings?

A

support

caregiving

teaching

social

75
Q

Are the majority of adults married or unmarried?

A

unmarried

76
Q

What percentage of abused children are neglected?

physically abused?

sexually abused?

A

75%

16%

9%

Psyc 250 (6 decks)

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