Chapter 14 - Family Flashcards
Linked Lives
The concept that the development of the individual is intertwined with the development of other family members.
family systems theory
The conceptualization of the family as a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each of which affects and is affected by every other part, and each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole.
like the human body, is truly a whole consisting of interrelated parts
subsystems within the family system
the couple subsystem, the parent–child subsystem, and the sibling subsystem
coparenting
ways in which two parents coordinate their parenting and function well (or poorly) as a team in raising their children
a fourth subsystem identified by family researchers
Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model
emphasizes nicely that the family is a system (a microsystem, if you recall) that is embedded in and interacts with larger social systems such as a neighborhood, a community, a subculture, and a broader culture or macrosystem
nuclear family
A family unit consisting of husband–father, wife–mother, and at least one child.
extended family household
A family unit composed of parents and children living with other kin such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, or a combination of these.
common in many cultures
alloparenting
parenting by multiple caregivers
family life cycle
The sequence of changes in family composition, roles, and relationships that occurs from the time people marry until they die.
earliest theories of family development featured this concept
family life cycle
Evelyn Duvall’s 8 stages of the family life cycle
Married couple without children
Childbearing family (oldest child from birth to 30 months)
Family with preschool children (oldest child from 30 months to 6 years)
Family with school-age children (oldest child up to 12 years)
Family with teenagers (oldest child from 13 to 20 years)
Family launching young adults (first child gone to last child gone)
Family without children (empty nest to retirement)
Aging family (retirement to death)
changes in family life in the United States since the 1950s and 1960s:
About __% of adults age 25 and older are in the “never married” category, compared to __% in 1960, and more are likely to remain “never married” in middle age
20%
9%
Over __% of adults can still be expected to marry at some time in their lives, but marriage is being _______________—a worldwide trend—and the percentage of adults ever marrying has begun to decline as well
80%
postponed
In 1960, the average age at first marriage was __ for women and __ for men; in 2019, it was __ for women and nearly __ for men
20 for women and 23 for men; in 2019,
it was 28 for women and nearly 30 for men
Especially among non-college-educated adults, __________________ has been increasing, either as an alternative to marriage or, more often, a step before marriage
cohabitation
more and more females, especially ___________________, are not married when they give birth
less educated ones
About __% of births in 1980 but a whopping __% of births by 2017 were to unmarried women
18%
40%
In 1950, __% of married women with children younger than age 6 worked outside the home; the figure has climbed to about __%, a truly remarkable social change
12%
66%
The divorce rate increased over the 20th century and has fallen some since but, still, over __% of newly married couples can expect to divorce
40%
why are there more single-parent families now than years ago?
Because of more births to unmarried women and more divorce and separation
In 2018, __% of children younger than age 18 lived with their mothers only, __% with their fathers only, and __% with grandparents or other nonparents; _________ lived with two parents
22%
4%
4%
two-thirds
reconstituted families
also called blended families, that include at least a parent, a stepparent, and one child. Similarly, when cohabiting couples separate, they often go on to form new families
Older ________ are more likely than older ________ to live alone rather than with a spouse (36% vs. 20%),
why?
women
men
mainly because more women are widowed
why are there fewer caregivers for aging adults?
owing to smaller families and increased longevity, more and more aging adults need care from relatives but have fewer children to provide it
the term “elder orphans” describes this growing problem
some argue that society is evolving toward two tracks of family life, one for those with a college education and a good income, another for those with less education and income:
what are the different tracks?
College-educated adults are standing by the institution of marriage but have moved away from a working husband/homemaker mother model to a model in which both partners work and share household and childrearing tasks - enables them to invest a good deal of resources in their children’s success
less-educated, lower-income adults have experienced more of the changes in family life with negative implications; they now cohabit more and marry less, have higher rates of divorce and separation, and raise more children in single-parent families
mothers still spend more time __________________________ than fathers do. This gender difference in involvement in child care is common across cultures
directly caring for and interacting with children
Children fare better cognitively, socially, and emotionally if they have a _______________________ in their lives than if they do not
supportive father—or some other second parent figure, male or female
High-SES families are more likely than low-SES families to have ________ in the home
fathers
indirect effects
The instance in which the relationship between two individuals in a family is modified by the behavior or attitudes of a third family member.
how do fathers indirectly affect the mother-infant relationship?
mothers who have close, supportive relationships with their partners tend to interact more patiently and sensitively with their babies than do mothers who are experiencing marital problems or feel that they are raising their children largely without help
how do mothers indirectly affect the father-infant relationship?
fathers who have just had pleasant conversations with their wives are more supportive and engaged when they interact with their children than fathers who have just had arguments with their wives
when the mother of an infant is depressed, the father tends to step up and devote more time to his infant than he otherwise would
how do babies have an indirect effect on their parents?
A screaming baby can negatively affect a couple’s relationship by causing a stressed father to blow up at his wife
When parents __________ rather than ____________, their infants may show signs of insecure attachment or may become securely attached to one parent but be blocked from enjoying a close relationship with the other
compete
cooperate
As children reach age 2 or so, parents continue to be caregivers and playmates, but they also become…
socialization agents
two dimensions of parenting styles
acceptance–responsiveness
demandingness–control
Acceptance–responsiveness
A dimension of parenting capturing the extent to which parents are supportive, sensitive to their children’s needs, and willing to provide affection and praise when their children meet their expectations.
Demandingness–control
A dimension of parenting reflecting the extent to which parents as opposed to children exert control over decisions and set and enforce rules; also called permissiveness–restrictiveness.
By crossing the acceptance and demandingness dimensions, we have these four basic patterns of childrearing originally identified and defined by _________________.
Diana Baumrind
Authoritarian parenting
Authoritative parenting
Permissive parenting
Neglectful parenting
Authoritarian parenting
A restrictive style of parenting combining high demandingness–control and low acceptance–responsiveness in which adults impose many rules, expect strict obedience, and often rely on power tactics rather than explanations to elicit compliance.
Authoritative parenting
A flexible style of parenting combining high demandingness–control and high acceptance–responsiveness in which adults lay down clear rules but also take their children’s views into account and explain the rationale for their restrictions.
Permissive parenting
A lax style of parenting combining low demandingness–control and high acceptance–responsiveness in which adults love their children but make few demands on them and rarely attempt to control their behavior. (sometimes called indulgent parenting)
Neglectful parenting
A parenting style low in demandingness–control and low in acceptance–responsiveness; uninvolved parenting. (sometimes called disengaged or uninvolved parenting) - They may be hostile and rejecting or indifferent—or they may be so overwhelmed by their own problems that they cannot devote sufficient energy to expressing love and setting and enforcing rules
Children raised by which type of parents are the best adjusted, cheerful, socially responsible, self-reliant, achievement oriented, and cooperative with adults and peers?
authoritative parents
Children raised by which type of parents are often impulsive, self-centered, rebellious, aimless, and low in independence and achievement?
permissive parents
Children raised by which type of parents tend to be moody and unhappy, relatively aimless, and unpleasant to be around?
authoritarian parents
The worst developmental outcomes are associated with which style of parenting? What behavioral problems do they tend to exhibit?
neglectful parents
aggression and frequent temper tantrums and are at risk to become hostile and antisocial adolescents who abuse alcohol and drugs and get in trouble
what can influence the effectiveness of different parenting approaches?
the cultural or subcultural context in which they are used – Much seems to hinge on how common a parenting style is in a culture or subculture and whether children view it as normal and acceptable
What is a Tiger Mother?
Described in a book by Amy Chua - This “Tiger Mother” described raising her daughters, Sophia and Lulu, in what struck most American parents as an almost abusively demanding, controlling, and unresponsive manner: Authoritarian parenting on steroids.
Compared with middle-class and upper-class parents, lower-class and working-class parents tend to place more emphasis on…
obedience and respect for authority - often more restrictive and authoritarian, reason with their children less frequently, and show less warmth and affection
family stress model
Model of the effects of economic hardship in families that centers on the negative effects of financial stresses on parent mental health, parenting, and, in turn, child development.
developed by Glen Elder, Rand Conger
financially stressed parents tend to be less warm and nurturant, more authoritarian, and less consistent
breakdown in parenting then contributes to negative child outcomes such as low self-esteem, poor school performance, poor peer relations, and adjustment problems such as aggression and depression
family stress model has good support and applies across ethnic groups and cultures
children most affected by poverty are disproportionately children from what kind of homes?
female-headed homes (where 41% are poor compared to 8% in married two-parent families)
and minority children (29% of black children and 25% of Hispanic children, compared to 11% of white, non-Hispanic children)
what can disrupt the link between poverty and reduced connectivity in key neural networks in the brain?
supportive parenting
