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Slides for Class Test Flashcards

1
Q

List out 5 Components of Information System

A
  1. Hardware
  2. Software
  3. Data
  4. Process
  5. People
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2
Q

List out some hardware ( 8 )

A
  1. Servers
  2. Workstations
  3. Networks
  4. Scanners
  5. Digital capture devices
  6. Telecommunications equipment
  7. Fiber-optic cables
  8. Mobile devices
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3
Q

What is software in an Information System?

A
  1. Programs that control the hardware and produce the desired information or results.
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4
Q

Which type of software manages the hardware components ?

A
  1. System Software
  • Operating Systems
  • Security Software
  • Device Drivers
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5
Q

List out the type of Software

A
  1. System Software
  2. Application Software
  • Application Software is a program that support day to day business functions, provide users with the information they need
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6
Q

What is Legacy system?

A
  1. Older systems
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7
Q

What is a Vertical System?

A
  1. Design to meet the unique requirements of a specific business or industry
  • APU Moodle
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8
Q

What is a horizontal system?

A
  1. A system that can be adapted for use in many different type of company
  • Microsoft Word , Excel , PowerPoint
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9
Q

What is data in an Information System?

A
  1. Raw facts that an Information System transforms into useful information
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10
Q

Can data be used in making decision?

A
  1. No
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11
Q

Why can’t data be used in making decision?

A
  1. Data has no inherent meaning
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12
Q

What are processes in an Information System?

A
  1. Tasks and business functions performed by users, managers, and IT staff to achieve specific results
  2. Represent actual day-to-day business operations
  • Generate report
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13
Q

Who are the people involved in an Information System?

A
  1. Individuals who have an interest in an Information System
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14
Q

Who are a user?

A
  1. A user is a person who communicates with an IS or uses the information that it
    generates
  • Stakeholders
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15
Q

What is the primary role of a systems consultant according to Hoffer?

A
  1. Hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business
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16
Q

How does a systems consultant differ from other roles within an organization?

A
  1. A systems consultant is typically external or a specialized expert whose main focus is to resolve specific information systems problems within a business rather than managing ongoing projects
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17
Q

What does Supporting Agent serves in a project?

A
  1. Not managing the project but merely serving as a resource
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18
Q

What is Change Agent according to Hoffer?

A
  1. Person from inside or outside the organization who helps an organization transform itself by focusing on such matters as organizational effectiveness, improvement and development
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19
Q

What role does Change Agent plays in an organization? ( 2 )

A
  1. A comprehensive and responsible role
  2. A person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and works with other in facilitating change
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20
Q

List out the skills for a systems analyst ( 4 )

A
  1. Analytical Skills
  2. Management Skills
  3. Technical Skills
  4. Interpersonal Skills
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21
Q

List out Analytical skills required for Systems Analyst ( 4 )

A
  1. Systems thinking
  2. Organization knowledge
  3. Problem identification
  4. Problem analysis & solution
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22
Q

List out Management skills required for Systems Analyst ( 4 )

A
  1. Resource Management
  2. Change Management
  3. Risk Management
  4. Project Management
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23
Q

List out Technical skills required for Systems Analyst ( 3 )

A
  1. Constant re-education
  2. Keep skills up-to-date
  3. Understanding a wide variety of technologies
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24
Q

List out Interpersonal skills required for Systems Analyst ( 4 )

A
  1. Communication Skills
  2. Working alone / working with a team
  3. Managing expectations of users / managers
  4. Facilitating Groups
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25
List out 3 reasons for Resistence to Change
1. The threat to job security 2. The reduction in social satisfaction 3. The reduction of self-esteem and reputation
26
List out 3 effects of Resistance to Change
1. Witholding Facts 2. Providing inaccurate data 3. Displaying an attitude of indifference
27
List out 3 facts are staff going to reuse when they are resistance to change? ( Witholding Facts )
1. Refuse Information 2. Refuse Suggestions 3. Refuse Help or Support
28
What will happen between the relationship of staff when they are resistance to change?
1. May cause commotions with outbursts regarding the changes or a combative attitude with management staff * They may spread that same negativity among other staff members, encouraging them to act in a similar manner, which can, in turn, end up causing greater unrest among staffers
29
List out 4 methods to overcome Resistance to Change
1. Keep people informed about 2. Transfer employee to another department so that the employee is employed 3. Extend necessary training 4. Seek employee participation
30
What information that staff must be informed about to overcome resistance to change? ( 2 )
1. Effects of the change on their job 2. Reason for ( and benefits ) the changes
31
What life cycle is attempt to establish structured approach to systems analysis and design?
1. System Development Life Cycle
32
What concept that Sructured Analysis used?
1. System Development Life Cycle ( SDLC )
33
What is Structured Analysis do ?
1. To plan and manage the system development process
34
What things does SDLC describes?
1. Activities and Functions that all system developers perform
35
What is Systems Development Life Cycle also known as?
1. Applications Development Cycle * An organized approach used in organizations to develop an information system
36
What methodology is Systems Development Life Cycle?
1. Traditional Metholodgy
37
What scale of projects that SDLC normally used on?
1. Large Projects
38
How long that a projects will be done by using SDLC?
1. Require extensive development periods more than 1 year
39
Is SDLC a complicated methodology?
1. Yes
40
List out 2 disadvantages of using SDLC
1. Results do not always satisfy the user 2. An expensive approach considering the money, time and effort to put in
41
List out 5 phases of SDLC
1. System Planning 2. System Analysis 3. System Design 4. System Implementation 5. System Security and Support
42
Where does Systems Planning Begins?
1. Begins the process with **system request** which **describes problems or desired changes** in an IS or business process Begin with System Request
43
What is the Purpose of Systems Planning?
1. Perform a **preliminary investigation** to **evaluate** an IT related **business opportunity and problem**
44
Why Preliminary Investigation is a critical step in Systems Planning?
1. Because the outcome will effect the entire development process
45
What is the deliverable for Systems Planning?
1. Preliminary Investigation Report
46
What is the purpose of Systems Analysis in SDLC phases?
1. The purpose is to build a logical model of the new system
47
What actions are taken in Systems Analysis? ( 2 )
1. Creating requirement modelling which to investigation business processes and document new system 2. Perform fact-finding techniques such as interview, survey
48
What is the deliverable for Systems Analysis?
1. System Requirements Document
49
What is critical in Systems Design?
1. Management and User Involvement
50
What is the purpose of Systems Design?
1. Create a physical model that satisfies all documented requirements for the system
51
What are the actions taken in Systems Design? ( 2 )
1. Design User Interface ( UI ) 2. Identify Outputs, Inputs and Process
52
What is the deliverable in Systems Design?
1. System Design Specification
53
What is the purpose of Systems Implemetation?
1. Construct a new system
54
What are the actions taken Systems Implementation?
1. Programs are Written, Tested, and Documented 2. System is Installed
55
What is the deliverable for Systems Implementation?
1. Completely functioning and documented information system
56
List out the requirement for a well-designed system?
1. Secure 2. Reliable 3. Maintainable 4. Scalable
57
List out 2 changes in System Maintenance ?
1. Corrects Errors 2. Adapt to Changes in the Environments ( New Tax Rates )
58
List out changes in System Enhancement?
1. Provide new features and benefits
59
What is the objective of System Enhancement?
1. Maximize return on the IT investment
60
List out 2 threads that Security Controls safeguard the system
1. Internal Threads 2. External Threads
61
What can a scalable design do?
1. A scalable design can expand to meet new business requirements and volumes
62
How oftenly that most information systems need to be updated?
1. Need to be updated significantly or replaced after several years of operation
63
List out all deliverables for: 1. Systems Planning 2. Systems Analysis 3. Systems Design 4. Systems Implemetation
1. Preliminary Investigation Report 2. Systems Requirements Document 3. System Design Specification 4. Completely functioning and documented information system
64
What is a Gantt Chart?
1. A horizontal bar chart that graphically displays the time relationships between the different tasks in a project
65
When is Gantt Chart effective?
1. Effective when seeking to communicate schedule
66
What does the **Horizontal Axis** contains in Gantt Chart?
1. Time and Duration
67
What does the **Vertical Axis** containes in Gantt Chart?
1. Activities * Arranged from top to bottom in the order of their start data
68
What does the length of the bar in Gantt Chart represents?
1. Duration
69
What is marked when the activity inside Gantt Chart is completed?
1. "C"
70
What does the Horizontal Position represents in Gantt Chart?
1. Start and End of the activity
71
What does the darkened portion represents in Gantt Chart?
1. Part of the activity that has been completed
72
What is the use of Feasibility Study?
1. To determine whether a project has a reasonable change of success
73
List out 4 types of Feasibility Study
1. Technical Feasibility 2. Economic Feasibility 3. Schedule Feasibility 4. Operational Feasibility
74
What does Technical Feasibility determine?
1. Determine whether the organization has the **technology resources** to **develop or purchase, install, and operate** the system
75
List out 4 questions that is asked in Technical Feasibility
1. Do we have the tech resources? 2. Is the proposed technology or solution practical? 3. Do we possess the necessay technical expertise, and is the schedule reasonable? 4. If the technology is not available, can it be acquired?
76
What does Operational Feasibility determined?
1. Determine the process of assessing the degree to which a **proposed system solves business problems or takes advantage of business opportunities** * Refers to a system that users will accept and use effectively to support business objectives
77
What framework is used in Operational Feasibility to help identify operational problems to be solved and their urgency?
1. PIECES
78
List out all components inside the PIECES framework
1. P - Performance 2. I - Information 3. E - Economy 4. C - Control 5. E - Efficienty 6. S - Services
79
List out 2 questions that is asked inside P ( Performance ) of the PIECES Framework
1. Does the current mode of operation provide **adequate throughput** and **response time**? 2. Is the new system going to be **more efficient** and **high output**?
80
List out question that is asked inside I ( Information ) of the PIECES Framework
1. Does the current mode provide end users and managers with **timely, pertinent, accurate** and **usefully formatted information**?
81
List out 3 questions that is asked inside E ( Economy ) of the PIECES Framework
1. Does the current mode of operation provide **cost-effective information services** to the business? 2. Could there be a **reduction in costs** and / or an **increase in benefits**? 3. Does the proposed system **save more cost** then older system?
82
List out 2 questions that is asked inside C ( Control ) of the PIECES Framework
1. Does current mode of operation offer **effective controls to protect against fraud**? 2. Does current mode of operation guarantee **accuracy** and **security of data** and information?
83
List out 3 questions that is asked inside E ( Efficiency ) of the PIECES Framework
1. Does the current mode of operation make **maximum use of available resources**, including people, time, flow of forms? 2. Do you need to **hire / let-go people** for the new system? 3. Do we have **enough time to print daily report** like before?
84
List out 2 questions that is asked inside S ( Services ) of the PIECES Framework
1. Does the current mode of operation **provide reliable service**? 2. Is it **flexible and expandable**?
85
What does Schedule Feasibility determined?
1. Determined the process of assessing the degree to which the potential time frame and completion dates for all major activities within a project meet organizatioonal deadlines and constraints for affecting change
86
List out 3 questions that is going to be asked in Schedule Feasibility
1. How much time is given for the project by customer? 2. How much time do you need to deliver the system? 3. If time insufficient, can we negotiate more from customer?
87
List out 1 popular method for time estimation method in Schedule Feasibility
1. Gantt Chart
88
What does Economic Feasibility determines?
1. Determine if the project can be done within the given budget and to determine the cost and benefit ( including profit ) from the project
89
List out 2 questions that is going to be asked in Economic Feasibility
1. Is the anticipated value of the benefits greater than projected costs of development? (cost / benefit analysis) 2. Does the organization have adequate cash flow to fund the project during the development period?
90
What is the process of Cost-Benefit Analysis?
1. The process of identifying the financial benefits and costs associated with a development project
91
When is Economic Feasibility performed? ( 3 )
1. Conduction a Perliminary Investigation 2. Evaluating a Project 3. Making Recommendations to Management
92
Which costs are inside the category of Tangible Costs?
1. Cost for which we can assign a specific dollar value
93
List out 3 examples for Tangible Costs
1. Employee Salaries 2. Hardware and Software Purchases 3. Office Supplies
94
Which costs are inside the category of Intangible Costs?
1. Costs whose dollar value cannot be calculated easily
95
List out 3 examples that are inside the category of Intangible Costs?
1. Customer Dissatisfaction 2. Lowered Employee Morale 3. Reduced Information Availability
96
Which costs are inside the category of Direct Costs?
1. Cost that can be associated with the development of a specific system
97
List out 2 examples for Direct Costs
1. Salaries of the Project Team Members 2. Purchase of Hardware
98
Which costs are inside the category of Indirect Costs?
1. Overhead expenses / costs that cannot be attributed to the development of a specific system
99
List out 3 example for Cost Classifications
1. Salaries of Network Administrators 2. Copy Machine Rentals 3. Insurance Expenses
100
Which costs are inside the category of Fixed Costs?
1. Costs that are relatively constant and do not depend on a level of activity or effort
101
List out 2 examples for Fixed Costs
1. Salaries 2. Hardware Rentals
102
Which costs are inside the category of Variable Costs?
1. Costs that vary depending on the level of activity
103
List out some example for Variable Costs
1. Printer Paper 2. Supplies 3. Telephone Line Charges
104
Which costs are inside the category of Developmental Costs?
1. Costs that are incurred only once at the time the system is developed or acquired
105
List out 5 examples of Developmental Costs
1. Salaries of People involved in system 2. Development 3. Software Purchases 4. Initial User Training 5. Purchase of Necessary Hardware of Furniture
106
Which costs are inside the category of Operational Costs?
1. Costs that are incurred after the system is implemented and continue while system is in use
107
List out 4 example for Operational Costs
1. System Maintenance 2. Ongoing Training 3. Annual Software License Fee 4. Communications Expenses
108
What costs are easier to identify and predict than indirect costs?
1. Direct costs
109
List out 1 examples that the cost apply to more than one category of expenses
1. Overtime pay for clerical staff during the systems analysis phase would be classified as developmental, variable, and direct
110
What does Cost-Avoidance Benefits refer to?
1. Refer to expenses that would be necessary if the new system were not installed
111
List out all the benefits types ( 5 )
1. Tangible / Intangible Benefits 2. Direct / Indirect Benefits 3. Fixed / Variable Benefits 4. Developmental / Operational Benefits 5. Positive / Cost-avoidance benefits
112
What are positive benefits?
1. Benefits that are a direct result of the new information system
113
List out 4 examples for Positive Benefits
1. Increased Revenues 2. Improved Services 3. Higher Morale 4. Better Management
114
What is Cost Avoidance Benefits?
1. Expenses that would be necessary if the new system is not installed
115
List out 2 example for Cost Avoidance Benefits
1. Handling work with current staff instead of hiring 2. Not having to replace hardware and software
116
What is the aim for Document Review in System Analysis phase?
1. Aims to find out the information requriements that people have in the current system
117
List out some actions taken for Document Review in System Analysis phase ( 5 )
1. Review existing system documentation 2. Obtain copies of actual forms and documents 3. Review blank copies of forms 4. Review samples of completed forms 5. Review software documentation
118
What is the aim for Questionnaires and Surveys
1. Aims to obtain the views of a large number of people in a way that can be analysed statistically
119
List out 3 types of Questionnaries and Surveys
1. Postal, web-based and email questionnaires 2. Open-ended and closed questions 3. Gathering opinion as well as facts
120
List out 8 guidelines for creating Questionnaries and Surveys
1. Brief, user-friendly and clear instructions 2. Questions in logical order 3. Simple wording to avoid misunderstanding 4. Avoid leading questions 5. Open-ended questions are difficult to tabulate 6. Limit questions raising concern / negative issues 7. Section for general comments 8. Test the questionnaires in advance
121
What does Functional Requirements describe about the system?
1. Describe what a system must do * Usually detailed statements of capabilities, behavior, and information that the solution will need
122
List out 3 things that is include in Functional Requirements
1. Processes 2. Interfaces with users and other systems 3. What the system must hold data about
123
List out 2 example for Functional Requirements
1. The system shall allow the user to log out 2. The system shall allow the user to register
124
What does Non-Functional Requirements specifies?
1. Specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors
125
What does Non-Functional Requirements often considers?
1. The quality aspects of the new system, such as testability, maintainability, extensibility and scalability
126
List out 2 things that is listed in Non-Functional Requirements
1. Response Times 2. Security Considerations
127
List out 3 example for Non-Functional Requirements
1. Security: The system must be able to log out the user automatically in case of idle for more than 20 seconds. 2. Reliability :The system shall not allow registration for the same user, use identification number as key 3. Platform compatibility: The system can be run in different platforms.
128
List out 3 correct rules for drawing DFD
1. Process to Process 2. Process to External Entity 3. Process to Data Store
129
List out the steps to create a DFD when a case study is given
1. Identify the Process Name - place orders - systems checks items are in stock 2. Identify the External Entities - customer - warehouse - accounting department 3. Identify the Data Flows - customer place orders - order is shipped and customer is billed
130
What is source and sink also known as?
1. Origin - External entity that supplies data 2. Destination - External entity that receives data
131
What is lower-level diagrams also known as?
1. Child Diagram * Exploded from the Parent Diagram
132
What is a context diagram?
1. Top-level view of the Information System 2. Has **one process symbol** representing the entire information system 3. Has the external entities around the perimeter of the page 4. Use data flow to connect the external entities with the process
133
What is Data Dictionary also known as?
1. Data Repository
134
Who compiled Data Dictionary?
1. It is a reference work of data about data ( metadata ) which is compiled by systems analysts to guide them through analysis and design
135
What can we relate Data Dictionary?
1. A central storehouse of information about the system's data
136
List out 6 terms that a Data Dictionary is used to
1. Provide documentation 2. Eliminate redundancy\ 3. Validate the data flow diagram for completeness & accuracy 4. Provide a starting point for developing screens and reports 5. Determine the contents of data stored in files 6. Develop the logic for data flow diagram process
137
What should we add on External Entity in Data Dictionary?
1. Name - Name of the External Entity 2. Description - External entity and its purpose 3. Input Data Flows - Where does the data input from 4. Output Data Flows * Example Name : Customer Description : Customer register details to obtain login details such as login and password Input Data Flows : Login Details Output Data Flows : Customer Details Customer → Customer Details Customer ← Login Details
138
What should we add on Process in Data Dictionary?
1. Name 2. Description - Brief statement of the process's general purpose 3. Input Data Flows - Where does the data input from 4. Output Data Flows * Example Name : 1.0 Register Customer Description : Registers customer details into the customer Input Data Flows : Customer Detais, Updated Customer Details Output Data Flows : Login Details, Registeration Details
139
What should we add on Data Store in Data Dictionary?
1. Name 2. Decription - Describes the data store and its purpose 3. Input Data Flows - Data Flows into the Data Store 4. Output Data Flows - Data leaves into the Data Store 5. Data Structure Name : Customer Record Description : Stores registeration details and provided updated customer details for processes Input Data Flows : Registeration details Output Data Flows: Updated customer details Data Structure : Customer ID, Name, Address, Phone Np, Email
140
What should we add on Data Flow in Data Dictionary?
1. Name 2. Description - Describes the data flow and its purpose 3. Origin / Source - Where is it from 4. Destination 5. Data Structure - Attributes name Name : Login Details Description : To allow the customer to log on into the system Origin / Source : Register customer process Destination : Customer external entity Data Structure : Login ID, Password * It change from Input / Output Data Flows to Source / Destination is because Data Flow can only have one Input / Output Data Flows ( And since it is Data Flows so calling Input / Output isn't realistic ) so it will be Source / Destination
141
List out 3 types of Report
1. Detail Reports - 2. Exception Reports 3. Summary Reports
142
What records that Exception Reports displays?
1. Displays only those records that meet a specific condition or conditions
142
When does Summary Reports being used?
1. Upper-level Managers often want to see total figures and do not need supporting details
143
When is Exception Reports useful?
1. Useful when the user wants information only on records that might require action, but does not need to know the details
144
What type of reports can be quite lengthy?
1. Detail Reports
145
What is a better alternative for Detail Reports?
1. Exception Reports
146
What does Detail Reports produces?
1. One or more lines of output for each record processed
147
What is the objectives for Input Design?
1. Ease of Use - Forms are straightforward 2. Effectiveness - All input forms, displays all serve specific purposes for user of IS 3. Accuracy - Ensures proper completion 4. Attractiveness - Users will enjoy using input form 5. Simplicity - Keeping the design uncluttered 6. Consistency
148
What is a forms?
1. Preprinted or duplicated papers that require people to fill in responses in a standardized way
149
What does Forms serves as?
1. Source documents for data entry personnel or for input to e-commerce applications
150
List out 4 guidelines for Form Design
1. Make forms easy to fill in 2. Ensure that forms meet the purpose for which they are designed 3. Design forms to ensure accurate completion 4. Keep forms attractive
151
Why we must make forms easy to fill in?
1. To reduce error, speed completion and dacilitate the entry of data * One way to eliminate the process of transcribing data that are entered on a form is the use electronic submission
152
What are the purposes of forms for businesses?
1. It is created to serve one or more purposes in the recording, processing, storing and retrieving of information for businesses
153
Why design is important in Forms?
1. Ensures that people do the right thing with the form whenever they use it
154
How to keep forms look uncluttered?
1. Appear organized and logical 2. Follow a special order 3. Relevant data elements only
155
List out 7 Principles of Good Programming
1. Keep it Short and Simple ( KISS ) 2. Don't Repeat Yourself 3. Abstraction 4. Open / Closed Principle - Don't write classes that people can modify, write class that people can extend 5. Single Responsibility Principle 6. Minimize Coupling - Any section of code shoudl minimize the dependencies on other areas of code 7. Maximize Cohesion - Code with similar function should be found within the same component
156
List out 3 types of Testing
1. Unit Testing 2. Integration Testing 3. System Testing
157
What does Unit Testing performs?
1. Testing of an individual program or module
158
What is the objective of Unit Testing? ( 2 )
1. Identify and eliminate execution errors that could cause the program to terminate abnormally * Logic errors that could have been missed during desk checking
159
What test data for Unit Test?
1. Contain both correct data and erroneous data and should test all possible situations that could occur
160
What does Integration Testing do?
1. Testing 2 or more programs that depend on each other to make sure that the programs work together properly
161
What does System Testing verify?
1. Verify that all system components are integrated properly and that actual processing situations will be handled correctly
162
What does System Testing confirms?
1. Confirm that the information system can handle predicted volumes of data in a timely and efficient manner
163
List out 4 methods for System Change-Over Strategies
1. Direct Cutover - New system replaced old system **immediately** 2. Parallel Operation / Parallel Running - Both old and new system are **running simultaneously for a period** 3. Pilot Operation - New system is just **introduced** in just **one branch of a organisation** 4. Phased Operation - New system is added a bit at a time
164
List out 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of Direct Cutover
_Advantages_ 1. Quick 2. Minimal Cost 3. Minimises Workload _Disadvantages_ 1. Risky 2. Could disrupt operations 3. If fails, will be costly
165
List out 2 advantages and 3 disadvantages of Parallel Operation
_Advantages_ 1. Safe, built-in-safely 2. Provides a way of verifying results of the new system _Disadvantages_ 1. Costly, 2 systems need to be operated 2. Time Consuming 3. Additional Workload
166
List out 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Pilot Operation
_Advantages_ 1. Less risky than direct changeover 2. Less costly than complete parallel running _Disadvantages_ 1. Can take a long time to achieve total changeover 2. Not as safe as complete parallel running
167
List out 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of Phased Operation
_Advantages_ 1. Less risky than a single direct changeover 2. Any problems should be in one area - other operations unaffected _Disadvantages_ 1. Can take a long time to achieve total changeover 2. Interfaces between parts of the system may make this impractical
168
List out 4 Maintenance Tasks
1. Corrective Maintenance - Diagnoses and Corrects errors in system 2. Adaptive Maintenance - Adds enhancements to system and makes the system easier to use 3. Perfective Maintenance - Changing system to make it more efficient, reliable and maintainable 4. Preventive Maintenance - Analyse of areas where trouble is likely to occur
169
What is the worst-case situation for Corrective Maintenance?
1. System Failure
170
Why Adaptive Maintenance can be more difficult than new systems development?
1. Because the enhancements must work within the constraints of an existing system
171
When is Perfective Maintenance cost-effective?
1. During the middle of the system's operational life * The more a program changes, the more likely it is to become inefficient and difficult to maintain
172
What department usually initiates preventive maintenance?
1. IT Department
173
What is the advantages of Preventive Maintenance? ( 2 )
1. Increased User Satisfaction 2. Decreased Downtime * Sometimes does not receive the high priority that it deserves
174
List out 4 members of the maintenance team
1. System Administrator - Manages computer and network systems 2. Systems Analysts 3. Programmers 4. Organisational Issues
175
What does Applications Programmers work on?
1. New systems development and maintenance
176
What does Systems Programmers work on?
1. Concentrate on operating system software and utilities
177
What does Database Programmers work on?
1. Focus on creating and supporting large-scale database systems
178
List out 5 jobs that is being listed in Maintenance Management
1. Initial Determination 2. The System Review Committee 3. Task Completion 4. User Notification 5. Establishing Priorities

A - Systems Analysis & Design (10 decks)

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