Slides 23

Question 1

opisthokonts

Answer 1

clade that includes fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives; evolved form a unicellular flagellated ancestor

Question 2

fungal evolution

Answer 2

animals and fungi diverged more than a billion years ago; originated in aquatic, colonized land about 550 millions years ago

Question 3

fungi spores

Answer 3

enable fungi to colonize new environments, germinate and grow when conditions are favorable

Question 4

nutrition

Answer 4

absorptive heterotrophs (absorb nutrients outside their body); use hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex molecules (living or dead)

Question 5

fungal cell wall

Answer 5

located outside the plasma membrane, composed of CHITIN, glucans, and glycoproteins

Question 6

function of fungal cell wall

Answer 6

mediate interactions with the environment, protects cell contents, provides rigidity and defines cell structure

Question 7

fungal body structure

Answer 7

common: multicellular filaments and single cells (many are both), FEW grow as yeasts

Question 8

fungal hyphae

Answer 8

networks of tiny filaments, tubular cell walls strengthened with chitin, prevent cells from lysing due to osmotic pressure

Question 9

septate hyphae

Answer 9

separated by pores and septums

Question 10

coenocytic hyphae

Answer 10

no pore or septum, like a really long straw, no longer physical separation of cells

Question 11

fungal mycelium

Answer 11

made from fungal hyphae, form interwoven mass that infiltrates the food source, maximizes surface to volume ratio making absorption very efficient

Question 12

fungal mycelium function

Answer 12

grow primarily in length, uses cytoplasmic streaming to move materials to tips, not motile but utilize growth of hyphae

Question 13

mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 13

helped in early movements of plants to land by acting as roots, make associations with 92% of plants,

Question 14

Ectomycorrhiza fungi

Answer 14

fungal partners with basidiomycete and ascomycete (uses mantle/hartig net); (outside)

Question 15

arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi

Answer 15

much diversity, fungal partners with glomeromycotina (uses arbuscules) (inside)

Question 16

mantle/fungal sheath

Answer 16

extensions on root tips

Question 17

hartig net

Answer 17

penetrates into root, threads between plant cells

Question 18

specialized hyphae mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 18

mycorrhizal fungi have specialized branching hyphae used to exchange nutrients with their plant hosts; EX: arbuscules that penetrate only plant cell wall used by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Question 19

decomposers

Answer 19

break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

Question 20

parasitic fungi

Answer 20

absorb nutrients from living hosts

Question 21

mutualistic fungi

Answer 21

absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

Question 22

fungal reproduction- spores

Answer 22

produce vast number of spores, sexually or asexually; carried by wind or water; in a moist place with food they will germinate

Question 23

asexual reproduction

Answer 23

some use both or one; mold produce haploid spores asexually by mitosis and form furry mycelia, single-celled yeast reproduce asexually without spores, occurs through cell division or pinching of small bud cells off a parent

Question 24

sexual reproduction

Answer 24

spores are usually haploid, some species have transient diploid nuclei formed during sexual, requires fusion of hyphae from different mating types

Question 25

pheromones

Answer 25

sexual signaling molecules used to communicate with mating type

Question 26

plasmogamy

Answer 26

union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelium, between haploid nuclei of parents is usually delayed

Question 27

heterokaryon

Answer 27

mycelium that contains coexisting, genetically different nuclei

Question 28

dikaryotic

Answer 28

haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell

Question 29

karyogamy

Answer 29

the fusion of nuclei after the heterokaryotic stage, zygote produced, undergoes meiosis aand produces haploid spores, GENETIC VARIATION