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Mammalian Physiology > Slide Set 4 > Flashcards

Slide Set 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is composed of

A
  • Central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

CNS

A

= structural and functional center of entire nervous system

= brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

= cranial, spinal nerves

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4
Q

The nervous system is divided according to the types of organs they innervate :

A
  • somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Which system do we have control over?

A

SNS

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6
Q

Which system has no voluntary control over?

A

ANS

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7
Q

somatic nervous system is composed of 2 divisions

A

afferent : sensory division, info carried to somatic integration center (CNS)
efferent : motor division, info carried to somatic effectors (skeletal muscles)

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system is composed of 2 divisions

A

afferent (incoming): from visceral receptors

efferent (outgoing) : to visceral effectors

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9
Q

Efferent (outgoing) division of ANS is divided into

A
  • parasympathetic : “rest-and-repair”

- sympathetic : “fight-or-flight” response

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10
Q

Heart rate is controlled by

A

sympathetic system

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11
Q

Stomach is controlled by

A

parasympathetic system

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12
Q

Cells of nervous system

A
  • neurons : conduct impulses

- glial cells : support function of neurons

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13
Q

Neurons

A
  • dendrites : receive signals

- axons : carry outgoing info

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14
Q

5 types of glial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • oligeodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
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15
Q

Astrocytes

A 
Form tight sheets around the brain's capillaries
Helps BBB (blood brain barrier)
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16
Q

What can and can’t cross BBB?

A

can : lipid soluble (ethanol, caffeine, oxygen, glucose)

can’t : water soluble (sodium, potassium) -> need carrier

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17
Q

What can cross BBB and is used to deliver drugs or genetic material into a cell?

A

Liposome A

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18
Q

What are the macrophages of the brain?

A

microglia

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19
Q

Which glial cells :

- are macrophages in the brain, usually stationary except in inflamed tissue

A

microglia

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20
Q

Which glial cells :

- resemble epithelial cells, have glia, allows circulation of fluid

A

ependymal cells

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21
Q

Which glial cells :

- hold nerve cells together and produce myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Which glial cells :

  • form tight sheets around brain’s capillaries
  • connect neurons to capillaries
  • constitute BBB
A

astrocytes

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23
Q

which glial cells make myelin

A 
oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
schwann cells (in PNS)
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24
Q

What is a disorder of oligodendrocytes

A

multiple sclerosis

characterised by loss and destruction of myelin

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25
Q

Gaps in myelin sheath

A

= nodes of Ranvier

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26
Q

In PNS which glial cells are present

A
  • schwann cells : support nerve fibres, form myelin sheaths

satellite cells are a type of schwann cell, don’t from myelin sheath

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27
Q

4 functional regions of neuron

A
  • input zone : information received at dendrites and cell body
  • summation zone : info summed up at axon hillock
  • conduction zone : signal transmitted along axon via voltage gated channels
  • output zone : signal given to next axon via synaptic knob
28
Q

What are interneurons

A
  • within central nervous system

- conduct impulses from sensory neurons (afferent) to motor neurons (efferent)

29
Q

The reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor send message to CNS (AFFERENT)
  2. reaches interneuron
  3. interneurons elicits outgoing response from motor neuron (EFFERENT)
30
Q

Bundles of nerve fibres within

  • PNS =
  • CNS=
A
  • PNS = nerves

- CNS= tracts

31
Q

What are mature neurons incapable of?

A

cell division

32
Q

Can nerve fibres be repaired when damaged?

A

yes is damage is not extensive : cell body and neurilemma (cytoplasm of schwann cells) are intact

33
Q

Nerve impulse = electrical signalling =

A

wave of electrical fluctuation that travels along the plasma membrane, is unidirectional

34
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

= when a neuron is not conduction electrical signals

= -70mV

35
Q

Slight positive ions on a membranes outer surface is produced by :

A
  • ion transport mechanisms

- permeability characteristics of the membrane

36
Q

Membrane potential

A
  • slight excess of POSITIVE ions on the outside of the cell membrane
  • inside is NEGATIVE
37
Q

Na+/K+ pump :

A

3Na+ out (-> outside is +)

2K+ in (-> inside is -)

38
Q

Depolarization

A

membrane potential becomes less negative

-40mV

39
Q

Repolarization

A

return to RMP

40
Q

hyperpolarization

A

more negative than -70mv (-80mv)

41
Q

What determines the RMP

A
  • K+ concentration gradient
  • cell’s permeability (to K+, Na+, Cl-)
    changes to cell permeability : can depolarise or hyperpolarize a cell
42
Q

Types of gated channels that control ion permeability

A 
mechanically gates (sensory neurons)
chemical gated (response to ligand)
voltage gated (changes in membrane potential)
43
Q

What determines the permeability of the cell membrane?

A

1- specific membrane transport channels
(only positive ions can move across the cell membrane)
2- active transport mechanism: sodium-potassium ATPase

44
Q

Action potential

A

Change in resting membrane potential

45
Q

Because there is a potential difference across the cell membrane, the membrane is said to be __.

A

polarized

46
Q

Stimulus/Excitation of a neuron:

A

NA+ channels open

  • > flows into cell
  • > causes depolarisation (inside is +)
  • > decrease in membrane potential
47
Q

Inhibition of a neuron:

A

K+ channels open

  • > flows out of cell
  • > causes hyperpolarisation (inside is more -)
  • > increase in membrane potential
48
Q

Treshold potential

A

usually -59mv

= minimum magnitude of a voltage fluctuation that will trigger the opening of a voltage gated channel

49
Q

What activates opening of sodium gated channel?

A

depolarizing stimulus

50
Q

What activates opening of sodium gated channel?

A

depolarizing stimulus

-> Na+ rushes in the cell

51
Q

Na+ channels have 2 gates:

A

activation

inactivation

52
Q

When the inactivation gate of sodium channel closes the gated channel, what remains open?

A

activation gate

53
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

a local area of a neurones membrane resists restimulation
NO RESPONSE
=> Na+ open, then close and K+ channels open

54
Q

Relative refractory period

A

After absolute RP, membrane will respond only to a VERY STRONG stimulus
=> K+ are still open

55
Q

Relative refractory period

A

after absolute RP, membrane will respond only to a very strong stimulus

56
Q

Consequence of refractory period

A

prevent restimulation therefore the action potential never goes backwards

57
Q

What is a saltatory conduction?

A

Impulse regeneration leaps from node to node (node of Ranvier) and generates the action potential in myelinated axons

58
Q

Synpases

A

= gaps where neurotransmitters are released

59
Q

Where can an axon terminate

A
  • muscle, gland, neuron
60
Q

Chemical synapse structure

A
  • synaptic knob

- synaptic cleft

61
Q

neurotransmitters

A

means by which neurons communicate with one another and with muscle cells, can be inhibitory or stimulatory

62
Q

neurotransmitters

A

means by which neurons communicate with one another and with muscle cells

63
Q

Example of a neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

  • excitatory at muscle cells
  • inhibitory at cardiac muscle
64
Q

Neurotransmittor action is terminated by

A

enzymes

glial cells

65
Q

Neurotransmittor action is terminated by

A

enzymes

66
Q

If 2 excitatory neurons fire and 1 inhibitory neuron fires, i there action potential ?

A

NO

- inhibitory neuron is stronger

67
Q

-

A
  • temporal (same stimulus within a critical time)

- spacial (from different sources)

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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