Slide Set 1 Flashcards
__ & __ are best learned together as function of a cell tissue or organ
Anatomy & physiology
What are the smallest parts of the body?
Atoms
__ organise and differentiate together to form a tissue
cells
groups of organs work together to form a __
system
When you use only the naked eye to study the body and its parts
Gross anatomy
Which systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine & nervous
What are the 11 organ systems?
- skeletal
- muscular
- cardiovascular/circulatory
- integumentary
- digestive
- respiratory
- nervous
- endocrine
- urinary
- reproductive
- lymphatic
Smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes :
Cells
= smallest and most numerous units that make up tissues
What do mammalian cells have ? (3)
nucleus
cytoplasm
membrane
Particularity of cells?
- Differentiate to perform unique functions
- All cells have the same DNA
What are factors essential for cell differentiation?
- cell-cell communication
- growth factors
- ECM composition
- cell location in differentiating embryo
What forms the 3 primary germ layers?
Gastrulation
What are the primary germ layers?
- endoderm (lung, pancreas, liver, GI tract, UG tract)
- mesoderm (bone, kidney, heart)
- ectoderm (eye, nervous system, skin)
Endoderm
Lines digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder
Ectoderm
Integument (skin), lens of the eye and nervous system
Mesoderm
Circulatory system, excretory system, muscles, connective tissue, organ
What are the 4 major tissue types?
- epithelial
- connective tissue
- muscle
- nervous
The EPITHELIAL tissue
- characteristics :
- functions :
- where
- characteristics = 1 or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little ECM
- functions = covers and protect the body surfaces, lines body cavities, movement of substances (secretory)
- found = skin, lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary, glands of the body
The CONNECTIVE tissue
- characteristics :
- functions :
- where
- characteristics = few cells, lots of ECM
- functions = connect anchors and supports body structures, transport. provides structural and metabolic support
- where = bone, tendons, blood, fat
What is the ECM made up of?
- fibers in a protein
- polysaccharide matrix
- cells (fibroblasts)
What determines the properties of the connective tissue?
The composition of the ECM
ex: if calcified, forms bone or teeth
ex2: specialized forms comprise tendons, cartilage
What is the matrix of connective tissue composed of?
- glycoproteins
- fibrous proteins
- glycosoaminoglycans
- collagen (just blood cells)
The MUSCLE tissue
- characteristics :
- functions :
- where
- characteristics = long fiberlike cells
- functions = contracts and generates force
- where = heart, skeletal muscle, surrounding hollow organ (bladder, uterus)
The NERVOUS tissue
- characteristics :
- functions :
- where
- characteristics = cells specialized for conducting nerve impulses
- functions = initiate and transmit electrical impulses
- where = brain, spinal cord, nerves
Different tissues work together for an organ to function, what is an example?
The stomach, composed of smooth muscle, nervous tissue, loose connective tissue, epithelium, connective tissue
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. The body adjusts variables to maintain a “set point” in an acceptable or normal range
What are the variables regulated in homeostasis?
Temperature pH ion concentrations oxygen CO2 water blood glucose
What is the chosen source used by our cells?
Glucose
What are the components of homeostatic mechanism?
- sensor : detects and reacts to changes
- integrating/ control center : analyzes info
= hypothalamus - effector mechanism : brings about the change to return to set point
- feedback : process of info about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator
Negative feedback
Response opposes or removes the original stimulus, which in turn stops the response loop
Positive feedback
Response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it. Destabilises the system until some intervention or event outside the loop stops the response.
Which feedback is most common?
negative
Which feedback is stimulatory, disrupts homeostasis, reinforces the change?
positive
Which feedback is inhibitory, resets physiological variables, maintains homeostasis?
negative
Example of positive feedback
Cervical stretch stimulates oxytocin release which causes uterine contraction and pushes baby against cervix
What are the 3 levels of homeostatic control?
- intracellular
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
-
- operates within cells
- genes or enzymes often regulate cell processes
-
intrinsic=autoregulation
- regulation within tissues or organs
- may involve chemical signals
-
- regulation from organ to organ
- may involve nerve signals
- may involve endocrine signals (hormones)
Examples of intrinsic, extrinsic, intracellular regulation
extrinsic: nervous system, endocrine system
intracellular: pancreas produces lipase
intrinsic : kidney regulates blood flow
The cells in loose connective tissue are
- mast cells
- macrophages
- fibroblasts (secrete matrix proteins)
= main cell type
The fibres in the loose connective tissue are
- elastic
- collagen
What is ground substance?
Is the matrix of loose connective tissue
What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
- connective tissue proper (dense and loose)
- fluid (blood and lymph)
- supporting (bone and cartilage)
The dense connective tissue proper can be :
Irregular or regular
The loose connective tissue proper can be :
- areolar
- reticular
- adipose
What do dense connective tissues provide?
What is the dominent fibre?
Strength and flexibility
ex: tendons, ligaments
Dominant fiber = collagen
__ attach skeletal muscle to bones
Tendons
__ connect one bone to another
Ligaments
What are the most abundant of the tissue types?
Connective tissues
Loose connective tissues are __
elastic tissues that underlie skin and provide support for small glands
Tendons and ligaments are
dense connective tissues ,
have density packed collagen fibres
Adipose connective tissue is composed of __ & __ fat
White
Brown
What is the difference between white and brown fat?
White fat = single lipid droplet
Brown fat = multiple lipid droplets
The blood is also a connective tissue what is it made up of?
- plasma matrix
- free blood cells (red & white & platelets)
Adipocyte =
Fat cell
What are the 2 supporting tissues?
- cartilage
- bone
Cartilage
- light, solid and flexible
- trachea and ears
- lack of blood supply
- can’t be generated quickly when damaged
Bone
- Calcified ECM (calcium salts)
- Rigid, strong
- can heal as opposed to cartilage
What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
- cardiac (in heart)
- smooth (internal organs)
- skeletal (attach to bones)
Characteristic of muscle tissue
- contractile
- signal conduction
- produces force and movement