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Mammalian Physiology > Slide Set 2 > Flashcards

Slide Set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins

A
  • enzymes
  • transport proteins
  • form structural skeleton
  • specific & variable
  • structure encoded in dna
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2
Q

The 2 stages of protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription (DNA-RNA)

2. Translation (RNA-protein)

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3
Q

Genes are tightly coiled with histones, what removed the histone revealing promoter segment?

A

enzymes

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4
Q

Transcription

A
  • forms messenger RNA

- mRNA transports DNA from nucleus OUT to cytosol

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5
Q

Translation

A

mRNA (in cytoplasm) > ribosome > tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA (anticodon) > peptide bonds are joined

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6
Q
  1. T A C C C T C A A
  2. A U G G G A G U U
  3. U A C C C U C A A
  4. met gly val
A
  1. template strand
  2. mRNA strand (U replaced T)
  3. tRNA strand (U replaced T)
  4. Amino acid strand
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7
Q

molecular genetics

A

study of how genes are turned on and off and how they affect phenotype

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8
Q

Real DNA hero

A

Rosalind Franklin, not Watson & Crick

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9
Q

Where is chromatin

A

In nucleus (part of supercoiled region of chromosome)

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10
Q

Nucleosome

A
  • DNA + Histone proteins (H2A/H2B/H3/H4)

- repeat to make chromatin

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11
Q

Genes are on or off in

  • euchromatin
  • heterochromatin
A
  • ON

- OFF

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12
Q

__ copies DNA sequence to produce mRNA

A

DNA POLYMERASE

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13
Q 
DNA helicase :
RNA polymerase : 
RNA nucleotides (Uracil instead of Thymine)
A
  • unwinds DNA
  • binds and recognises start site
  • base pair with DNA
    =mRNA chain is formed
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14
Q

In case of protein coding DNA, transcription is the beginning of the process that ultimately leads to _ of the genetic code (via the _ intermediate) into a function _ or _.

A

translation
mRNA
peptide
protein

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15
Q

Promoter regions

A
  • DNA sequences
  • define where beginning of transcription begins
  • are upstream or at the 5’ end of the transcription initiation site
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16
Q

What binds to promoter regions?

A

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and RNA POLYMERASE, they initiate transcription

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17
Q

Direction of transcription

A

5’—-3’ (coding strand)
3’—-5’
DNA is antiparallel

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18
Q

CREM

A

cAMP response element modulator
is a transcription factor
binds to CRE in promoter region

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19
Q

What doesn’t occur in absence of CREM?

A

spermiogenesis

20
Q

What are the 2 types of transcription factors

A
  • gene-specific transcription factor (activate specific genes)
    ex: estrogen receptor
  • general transcription factor (activate all genes)
21
Q

What are the 2 types of transcription factors

A
  • gene-specific transcription factor (activate specific genes)
    ex: estrogen receptor
  • general transcription factor (activate all genes)
22
Q

Alternative splicing

A

= method of processing mRNA

- enzymes clip out segment of mRNA (the introns)

23
Q

Introns vs Exons

A

Introns : noncoding segments

Exons : genes that encode protein, express

24
Q

Site of transcription

A

nucleus

25
Q

Site of translation

A

cytoplasm

26
Q

What are epigenetic mechanisms affected by?

A 
Development 
Environmental chemicals 
Drugs, pharmaceuticals 
Aging 
DIet
27
Q

What is an epigenetic factor found in some dietary sources?

A

methyl group

it can activate or repress genes

28
Q

epigenetics

A

is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence

29
Q

housekeeping genes

A

genes always expressed in cells

30
Q

Looking for proteins by Western blot

A

CREM runs at 34Kda

31
Q

What silences a particular gene?

A

siRNA

32
Q

2 types of membrane transporters

A
  • channel proteins (gated, open)

- carrier proteins (uniport, symport, antiport)

33
Q

The Na+/K+ pump shows __ active transport

A

primary

uses ATP

34
Q

The sodium/glucose pump shows __ active transport

A

secondary

uses electrochemical gradient

35
Q

Epithelia transport is either __ or

A

leaky (capillaries)

tight (kidney)

36
Q

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A
  • chronic cough, diarrhea
  • runny nose
  • salty skin
37
Q

Pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis

A

defective epithelial ion transport

38
Q

Systems affected by cystic fibrosis

A

abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across the epithelium in all exocrine tissues (leaves thick viscous secretions in lungs, pancreas, liver, intestine).
Increased salt content in sweat gland secretion

39
Q

Genetic & molecular causes of CF

A
  • Faulty gene on chromosome 7
  • malfunction of gene coding for CFTR (transmembrane conductance regulator), leads to defective cAMP-activated chloride and sodium channel that is present on the surface of many types of epithelial cells
  • NaCl trapped in the cull which pulls water in (hypertonicity) and dehydrates mucus
40
Q

How is homeostasis altered in CF

A

High levels of chloride and salt pulls water iINSIDE, causes dehydrated mucus (thick mucus is not broken down by water)

41
Q

treatments when CF

A
  • antibiotics
  • airway clearnance therapy
  • bronchial dilators
  • vitamin supplements
  • enzymes to aid digestion
42
Q

Structural proteins, enzymes, membrane receptors proteins, transporters are all :

A

membrane proteins

43
Q

Endocytosis

A

The plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular marital and brings its into the cell in a vesicle

44
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • cell eating

- large particles engulfed by plasma membrane, enter in vesicle that fuses with the lysosomes

45
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • cell drinking
  • fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter the cell
  • is non selective

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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