Slide 3- Gender Stratification Flashcards
What is the difference between sex and gender
Sex: Male and female; biologically based differences between men and women [ reproductive and chromosomal functions
Ex. Vagina
Gender: Masculinity and Feminity; personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being a male/female
Ex. Appearance, behaviours, preferences, social roles
What is Gender role socialization
It is a major force in understanding how gender relations work
What are some scripts that boys and girls are programed to do through a process of subtle or explicit sanctions or rewards
Girls
* Should be modest; if they have partners they are sluts
- Girls should be aggressive or they’re bitches
Four types of gender socialization in our community
- Gender socialization in the family
[pink versus blue worlds - Gender within Peer groups
Girls - engage in less competitive games
[Hopscotch] - Gender within school
Gender within children’s literature - Gender and the Media
men centre stages as fearless, skilled and smart in movies
How many types of gender inequality are there
there are four types of gender inequality
Patriarchy
gender hegemony
hegemonic masculinity
hegemonic feminity
What is patriarchy
It is a form of social organization where men have more authority than women
What is Gender Hegemony
It is the ideological domination by males over others
[ to the point where an alternative cannot be imagined]
Hegemonic Feminity
The form of feminity typically matched to stereotypical behaviours and attitudes
[ Ex. Being emotional, caring, nurturing, emphasized feminine look]
what is the second shift/ double burden
women do more housework, childcare and eldercare, resulting in less leisure time
what is the second shift/ double burden? - costs of women
women do more housework, childcare and eldercare, resulting in less leisure time
what is the second shift/ double burden? - the cost of women
women do more housework, childcare and eldercare, resulting in less leisure time
Glass ceiling effect - the cost of women
women’s limited potential to move up
Glass escalator effect - cost of women
the male nurse quickly move into an administrative role
nurse is female dominant and yet there are more males in higher positions
Glass escalator effect - the cost of women
the male nurse quickly move into an administrative role
nurse is female dominant and yet there are more males in higher positions
What are some consequences of gender stratification on men
higher rates of suicide, accidental deaths, violence, stress-related diseases
Why are men more likely to get hurt according to gender stratification
men are encouraged to partake in high-risk behaviors
Why are men more likely to get hurt according to gender stratification
men are encouraged to partake in high-risk behaviours
Why are men more likely to get hurt according to gender stratification?
men are encouraged to partake in high-risk behaviours
What is the definition of sexual orientation
Preferences in romantic/sexual partners; not directly mapped onto sex or gender
What is the definition of Heteronomativity
The assumption that heterosexuality is a universal norm, making homosexuality invisible or ‘abnormal’
what is the definition of Homophobia
Irrational fear or hatred of homosexuality
What is the definition of transphobia
irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against transgender people
What is the definition of transphobia?
irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against transgender people
Who is Talcott Parsons
Argued that males posses instrumental character traits [rationality and goal attainment] while females displace expressive character traits [emotional communication and interaction with others]
What did Talcott Parsons believe was the most efficient way to carry out society’s tasks of reproduction and socialisation
-believed that gendering is most efficient way to carry out society’s tasks of reproduction and socialization
Who was Marx’s friend
Engles
What did Engels believe increased male domination
Believed that capitalism increased male domination
Who are primary consumers and why do they buy so much
Women are primary consumers - they find fulfillment in buying and using products
What did engles mean by double-exploitation of capitalism
Men are also exploited but women are treated worse
- Men paid low wages, and women paid none
What is intersectionality
theoretical approach that examines the interlocking nature of social identity categories [such as ethnicity,class, and gender] that creates more complex, interdependent systems of oppression and marginalization
What is an example of intersectionality
Racialized women earn 12 percent less than their white female peers
Who was the first person to coin the term intersectionality
Kimberle Crenshaw
What are the three types of feminism
- Liberal Feminism
- Socialist Feminism
- Radical Feminism
What is liberal Feminism
Belief and focus on the individual rights of men & women
Legal and cultural barriers should be removed to allow men and women to reach their potential
What is socialists feminism
Believe that liberation will only come through collective action
Family form must be replaced so that women are not ‘domestic slaves’
Calls for a socialist revolution
Radical Feminism
Society must eliminate gender; must separate women’s bodies from process of child-bearing
Which two people are involved in symbolic interactions on social stratification
West and Zimmerman
What did West and Zimmerman work on
their work was based on Goffman’s dramaturgical theory
Gender is not a fixed identity that we take with us into out interactions with others; gender is a product of those interactions
what is performativity
gender is active doing-not natural being
People tend to reproduce masculine dominance and feminine submissiveness in their behaviour
