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diseases > sleeping sickness, influenza and herpes virus in the horse test > Flashcards

sleeping sickness, influenza and herpes virus in the horse test Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scientific name for sleeping sickness?

A

Equine encephalomyelitis

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2
Q

what characterizes equine encephalomyelitis

A

it is characterized by CNS dysfunction and moderate to high mortality

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3
Q

what are the alphaviruses for sleeping sickness

A

EEE,WEE,VEE

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4
Q

what does EEE,WEE,VEE stand for in sleeping sickness

A

EEE-eastern equine encephalomyelitis
WEE- western equine encephalomyelitis
VEE- Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis

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5
Q

where does WEE outbreak

A

primarily occur in the west and Midwest US

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6
Q

what happened in the 1930s in sleeping sickness

A

> 180,000 horses dies

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7
Q

current morbidity is _______ because of ______. in sleeping sickness

A

low, vaccines

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8
Q

where does EEE affect in sleeping sickness?

A

epizootics along the eastern seaboard and gulf coast

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9
Q

where does VEE affect in sleeping sickness

A

first isolated in 1938 in venezuela

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10
Q

what are the reservoir hosts for sleeping sickness

A

birds, rodents, and reptiles

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11
Q

what are the vectors for sleeping sickness

A

mosquitos are the transmission vector for the spread of these viruses

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12
Q

how many different types of mosquitos has sleeping sickness been isolated from

A

27 different types of mosquitos in the US

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13
Q

how is the infection spread by mosquitos

A

spread from the reservoir hosts to horses by mosquitos carrying virus

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14
Q

what kind of viremia do WEE horses have in sleeping sickness

A

have a low viremia which means that there is a low amount of virus in the blood

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15
Q

because of the low viremia , horses are considered what in WEE sleeping sickness

A

they are considered to be a dead end host for WEE- this means that infection does not spread from an infected horse to other healthy horses

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16
Q

what kind of viremia does VEE in sleeping sickness get associated with

A

it is a high viremia and because of this viremia this infection can spread form horse to horse

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17
Q

what does the viremia for VEE cause for sleeping sickness

A

the viremia results in viral shedding in body fluids which causes the infection to go horse to horse via the aerosolized respiratory secretions or direct contact with body fluids

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18
Q

what type of viremia does EEE cause in sleeping sickness

A

horses infected with EEE have a transient but significant viremia

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19
Q

epizootics are _______ in temperate region, occurring during _______ months but not during ______months in sleeping sickness.

A

seasonal, warm, cold

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20
Q

in what state does transmission occurs throughout the year with a peak in what season in sleeping sickness?

A

in florida and it happens in the summer

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21
Q

what are the clinical signs of encephalomyelitis in the classic form of the disease

A
  • initially depressed with neurologic signs generally occurring 5 days post infection but include
  • low grade fever
  • altered mentation
  • impaired vision
  • aimless wandering
  • head pressing
  • circling
  • inability to swallow
  • irregular gait
  • paresis and paralysis
  • terminally, convulsions and death
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22
Q

what happens when the disease is terminal in sleeping sickness

A

convulsions and death occur and most deaths occur within 2-3 days after onset of C.S.

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23
Q

what happens to the surviving horses with sleeping sickness

A

they may be dummies because of the permanent neurologic damage

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24
Q

what is the mortality rate for WEE in sleeping sickness

A

20 to 50%

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25
Q

what is the mortality rate for EEE in sleeping sickness

A

50 to 90%

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26
Q

what is the mortality rate for VEE in sleeping sickness

A

50 to 75%

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27
Q

what is the presumptive diagnosis based on for sleeping sickness?

A

usually based on the clinical signs

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28
Q

the serologic titers for sleeping sickness show what

A

these titers will show a 4 fold increase between the acute and convalescent samples which will give you a positive diagnosis (the 1st antibody titer should be low but vaccinations may show a false increase in the amount of antibodies)

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29
Q

how is the virus isolated from horses with sleeping sickness

A

the virus may be isolated from the CSF of horses with an acute infection

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30
Q

what are the 3 types of diagnosis options that are available for sleeping sickness

A

presumptive, serologic titers, and virus isolation

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31
Q

what is the treatment for sleeping sickness

A

there is no specific therapy for viral encephalitis supportive care includes-
– i.v fluids
– stomach tube feeding
– anti- inflammatory agents
– anticonvulsants
there is no specific antiviral drugs available

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32
Q

what is the public health significance of sleeping sickness

A
  • the C.S in man vary from mild flu-like symptoms to death
  • children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals are the most susceptible
  • is a zoonotic disease and can get from birds
  • there is no vaccination fro humans
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33
Q

what is the mortality rate for human encephalitis for EEE, WEE, VEE?

A

EEE- up to 75%
WEE- 20%- not really deadly
VEE- 40%- does not happen in this country

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34
Q

what is the prevention for sleeping sickness

A
  • use inactivated viral vaccine available in mono-, bi-, or trivalent form.
  • 2 injections 30 days apart followed by an annual or biannual booster and timed with the onset of mosquito season
35
Q

what interferes with the viral vaccine of sleeping sickness

A

colostral antibodies will interfere with vaccination therefore foals should be vaccinated at 3,4 and 6 months of age

36
Q

when should mares get vaccinated for sleeping sickness

A

mares should be vaccinated 3-4 weeks before foaling only killed vaccine

37
Q

what is the vector control for sleeping sickness

A

no standing water to control mosquitos which are the vectors

38
Q

what is the description for equine influenza

A

an acute, highly contagious, febrile respiratory disease

39
Q

what is the etiology for influenza

A

Orthomyxovirus A/Equi and A/equi II

40
Q

it is endemic in many countries and what does endemic mean? (influenza)

A

means a disease or condition that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

41
Q

how is influenza transmitted from horse to horse

A
  • contact with respiratory secretions
42
Q

what are the factors that predispose to spread of infection (influenza)

A
  • immunological status
  • intermingling of horses
  • age of horse (1 to 5 year olds are the most susceptible to infection
  • health status
43
Q

what is the incubation period for equine influenza

A

usually 1 to 3 days

44
Q

what are the clinical signs for influenza

A
  • clinical infection begins with an abrupt onset of fever and coughing
  • high fever (up to 106) (normal temp for horses is 99-101)
  • coughing (dry, harsh, and nonproductive)
  • nasal discharge(initially this discharge is scant and serous, may become profuse and mucopurulent later in the presence of superimposed streptococcal infection)
  • depression, anorexia, and weakness
45
Q

in uncomplicated cases of influenza how long do clinical signs last

A

last less than 3 days

46
Q

in mildly affected horses, how long does it take for the horse to make a full uneventful recovery (influenza)

A

2 to 3 weeks

47
Q

how long does it take for severely affected to make a full uneventful recovery? (influenza)

A

up to 6 months

48
Q

how long will the cough persist for in influenza

A

may persist for several weeks

49
Q

how long does it take for the cilia to regenerate from influenza

A

21 days to regenerate

50
Q

while the cilia are regenerating what can happen (influenza)

A

during this time horses are susceptible to the development of secondary complications such as pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

51
Q

the risks of complications in influenza are minimized by what

A
  • restricting exercise
  • controlling dust
  • providing superior ventilation
  • practicing good stable hygiene
52
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with secondary bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in influenza

A
  • fever lasting longer than 2 to 3 days
  • mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • productive cough
  • lung crackles (heard when there is fluid in air sacs)
53
Q

what is the diagnosis for influenza

A

observation of rapidly spreading respiratory disease with rapid onset of high fever, weakness, depression, and widespread coughing is usually sufficient to make a presumptive diagnosis

54
Q

definitive confirmation for influenza can be obtained by what

A
  • virus isolation
  • influenzan A antigen detection
  • paired sera
  • nasopharyngeal swabs are the clinical specimens of choice for virus isolation and antigen detection, the sample should be obtained and submitted to the lab soon after the onset of the disease, and human influenza A test kits are used to antigen test horses
55
Q

what is the vaccination protocol for adult horses with influenza

A
  • initially give 2 vaccinations 4 weeks apart followed by a booster 6 months later
  • thereafter, boosters are given on an annual basis to low risk horses and every 6 months for at risk horses
  • optimally boosters are given every 3 to 4 months for horses with a high risk to exposure risk
56
Q

what is the vaccination protocol for foals with influenza

A
  • initially vaccinated with a single MLV intranasal vaccine or a series of 3 inactivated vaccines beginning at six months of age with boosters given in 3 to 6 weeks and again between 10 and 12 months of age
57
Q

what is the vaccination protocol for broodmares with influenzas

A
  • should be given inactivated vaccine 4 to 6 months before foaling
  • isolation of new additions for 2 weeks and minimize contact with other horses
58
Q

what is the treatment for influenza

A
  • rest and supportive care
  • strict rest for at least 3 weeks
  • NSAIDS are recommended if the fever is > 104
  • antibiotics are given if the fever persists more than 3 to 4 days or if purulent
  • nasal discharge is present or if there is pneumonia
59
Q

what is the NSAID given to horses for fever, pain and inflammation

A

phenylbutazone (BUTE)

60
Q

EHV 1 causes what

A

causes respiratory disease, abortions, neurologic disease, and neonatal death

61
Q

EHV 3 causes what

A

causes a venereal disease known as coital exanthema

62
Q

EHV 4 causes what

A

causes a non-fatal URI in young horses and can occasionally causes abortion and rarely neurologic disease

63
Q

what are the 2 most common EHV strains affecting horses

A

EHV 1 and EHV 4

64
Q

what does the term reservoir describe (EHV)

A
  • horses with clinical and subclinical infection
65
Q

how is EHV spread

A
  • spread by direct horse to horse contact via the respiratory tract through nasal secretions
  • airborne transmission via aerosolized virus
  • spread via contact with aborted tissues and fluids
  • can also be spread indirectly through contact with fomites that are contaminated with the virus such as contaminated (hands or clothing, equipment or tack, grooming equipment, trailers, feed and water buckets)
66
Q

how long is the EHV virus viable in the environment

A

viable up to 7 days in the environment under normal conditions

67
Q

is the virus easily killed by disinfectants and detergents (EHV)

68
Q

what is the incubation period for EHV

A

4 to 6 days

69
Q

the respiratory disease caused by EHV is known as what

A

rhinopneumonitits

70
Q

rhinopneumonitis is caused by what form of EHV

71
Q

rhinopneumonitis commonly affects what age group

A

commonly affects foals and weanlings

72
Q

what is the most common age group more likely to transmit the infection without showing signs of disease EHV

A

adult horses

73
Q

what may occur where horses are densely populated (EHV)

A

rhinopneumonitis

74
Q

what are the clinical signs for EHV respiratory disease

A
  • biphasic fever (peaking on day 1 or 2 and again on day 6 or 7
  • serous or mucoid nasal and ocular discharge
  • coughing
  • poor appetite
  • can have enlarged submandibular lymph nodes
  • leukopenia
75
Q

the abortigenic form of EHV is most commonly caused by what form

A

EHV 1 in mares that are not immunized

76
Q

what does the abortigenic form cause in mares that have not been vaccinated (EHV)

A

last trimester abortions in mares

77
Q

what is the neurogenic form of EHV known as what

A

known as equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM)

78
Q

what form of EHV almost always causes EHM

79
Q

neurologic signs result from damage to the blood vessels of the blood brain barrier, blood clots and damage to neurologic tissue facts are what? (EHV)

A
  • usually affects horses greater than 1 year of age
  • posterior paresis/paralysis and ataxia
  • prognosis is guarded
80
Q

how is EHV diagnosed

A
  • is based on the clinical signs and isolation of the virus
  • a nasal swab or blood sample is submitted to the lab for detection of the virus
  • the virus is detected by virus isolation or PCR assay
81
Q

what is the treatment for the respiratory form of EHV

A

symptomatic treatment and supportive care

82
Q

when is the MLV vaccination given in horses with EHV

A
  • MLV vaccination beginning at 3-4 months of age in foals
  • a vaccine booster is given in 4 wks
  • followed by semi-annually boosters
  • a booster every four months is recommended for high risk horses
  • Do not give modified live vaccine to pregnant mares
83
Q

what is the name of the vaccine of EHV

A

pneumobort-K vaccine (killed)

- and is given at 5,7 and 9 months of gestation

84
Q

what is paresis in EHV

A

muscle weakness

diseases (5 decks)

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