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Yr 13 Psychology > Sleep Unit 3 > Flashcards

Sleep Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

Cycles that occur more than once every 24 hrs e.g. Sleep stages

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2
Q

What are infradian rhythms?

A

Cycles that occur less than once every 24 hrs e.g. menstruation

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3
Q

What are circannual rhythms?

A

One type of infradian rhythm - cycles that occur once a year e.g. SAD

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4
Q

What are biological rhythms?

A

Cycles of activity that occur with some regularity within an organism

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5
Q

What did Michel Siffre do?

A

Circadian rhythms - stayed in a cave for 179 days with no external cues (exogenous zeitgebers). He was able to maintain his circadian sleep wake cycle but it became out of sync with the outside world (approx 30 hrs instead of 24), because of this he thought he had only been in the cave for 151 days.

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6
Q

What did Binkey do?

A

Circadian rhythms - found that as dawn breaks, chickens wake and become active (due to drop in melatonin secretion)

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7
Q

What did DeCoursey do?

A

Circadian rhythms - damaged the suprachiasmatic nucleus of 30 chipmunks with lesions, when they were returned to their burrows they were all killed by weasels because they didn’t sleep at night so made noise the weasels could hear

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8
Q

What did Campbell and Murphy do?

A

Circadian rhythms - shone light on the back of participants knees and it shifted their circadian rhythms

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9
Q

What did Dement and Kleitman do?

A

Ultradian rhythms - Found distinct sleep at ages using their EEG (electroencephalograph) machine

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10
Q

What did Gerkema and Dann do?

A

Ultradian rhythms - found smaller animals have more rapid Ultradian rhythms

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11
Q

What did Folkard do?

A

Ultradian rhythms - school children recalled a story more when it was read to them in the afternoon - this is when body temperature is highest and recall of information is best

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12
Q

What did Friedman and Fisher do?

A

Ultradian rhythms - psychiatric patients have 90 min eating and drinking cycles

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13
Q

What did Russell do?

A

Infradian rhythms - put sweat from one woman on the upper lips of others - they all menstruated at the same time. Also found women who live together menstruate at the same time

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14
Q

What did Empson do?

A

Infradian rhythms - men have monthly cycles of moodiness and temperature change

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15
Q

What did Rusak and Zucker do?

A

Infradian rhythms - lesions in the SCN of hamsters led to them secreting testosterone al year round instead of at their yearly breeding cycle

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16
Q

What did Murphy do?

A

SAD (seasonal affective disorder) sufferers can be treated with phototherapy (bright lights)

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17
Q

What are exogenous zeitgebers?

A

External factors that affect biological rhythms e.g. Light/dark

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18
Q

What are endogenous pacemakers?

A

Internal factors that affect biological rhythms e.g. Areas of the brain like the pineal gland and suprachiasmatic nucleus

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19
Q

What did Boivin do?

A

Exogenous zeitgebers - changed lighting in a factory and found that the brighter the lights, the more they shift circadian rhythms in shift workers

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20
Q

Which studies support the role of exogenous zeitgebers?

A

Binkey
Murphy
Campbell and Murphy
Boivin

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21
Q

What did Morgan do?

A

Endogenous pacemakers - the SCN of mutant hamsters (bred to have a 20 hr circadian rhythm) was removed and transplanted into ‘normal’ hamsters. They took on the mutant cycle.

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22
Q

Which studies could you use to support the role of endogenous pacemakers?

A

Rusak and Zucker
DeCoursey
Empson
Morgan

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23
Q

Which study could you use to show how pacemakers and zeitgebers work together?

A

Siffre - endogenous pacemakers can keep the rhythm going in the absence of exogenous zeitgebers but we need the zeitgebers to Ramon synchronised with the outside world

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24
Q

What did Czeisler do?

A

Shift work - advised a company to change their shift rotation from every 7 days to every 21 days to give the body time to adjust and to only move shifts forwards (phase delay) as opposed to moving to earlier shifts (phase advance). This increased productivity and reduced employee illness.

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25
Q

What did Tilley and Wilkinson do?

A

Shift work - Night workers have difficulty sleeping during the day due to disturbances such as noise and light

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26
Q

What did Gold do?

A

Shift work - non fluctuating shifts are not as disruptive as fluctuating shifts

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27
Q

What did Knutsson do?

A

Shift work - those who worked shifts for more than 15 yrs were more likely to develop heart disease than those without shifts

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28
Q

What did Solomon do?

A

Shift work - divorce rates are as high as 60% among shift workers

29
Q

What did Reilly do?

A

Jet lag - rate of travel on a cruise liner is slow so jet lag doesn’t occur as the body has time to adjust

30
Q

What did Winter do?

A

Jet lag - it takes on average 1 day to recover for each hour of time change in jet lag

31
Q

What did Recht do?

A

Jet lag - baseball players in America were affected by jetlag when they travelled across time zones to play away games
Won 46% of home games
Won 44% of games where they travelled East to West
Won 37% of games where they travelled West to East

32
Q

What did Martin do?

A

Jet lag - melatonin injections can be taken to reduce the effects of jet lag

33
Q

What did Fuller do?

A

Jet lag - a period of fasting followed by eating on the new time schedule can help with overcoming jet lag

34
Q

What did Oswald do?

A

Restoration theory - said we sleep to restore the brain
Did a study with drug overdose patients - found they spend more time than average in REM sleep because they need to repair their brain after their overdose

35
Q

What did Horne do?

A

Restoration theory - said REM (or core sleep) is for brain restoration and SWS (or optional sleep) is used for body restoration

36
Q

What did Peter Tripp do?

A

Restoration theory - stayed awake for 201 hrs (8 days) and had negative effects such as hallucinations and paranoia

37
Q

What did Randy Gardner do?

A

Restoration theory - stayed awake for 264 hrs (11 days) and had mild paranoia and hallucinations

38
Q

What did Jouvet do?

A

Restoration theory - sleep deprived a cat by putting it on an upturned flowerpot surrounded by water - every time it fell asleep the cat fell in the water and woke up. The cat went through experimental neurosis (went mad) and died.

39
Q

What did Shapiro do?

A

Restoration theory - after a marathon, runners spend more time than usual in SWS sleep because they need to recover their body after the marathon

40
Q

What did Webb do?

A

Evolutionary theory - sleep is used for energy conservation, animals sleep to rejuvenate after using their energy up

41
Q

What did Meddis do?

A

Evolutionary theory - animals sleep due to predator avoidance, some sleep to avoid predators when they are vulnerable e.g. At night, and some don’t sleep much at all because it is too dangerous. If they don’t have many predators they can sleep for long periods of time e.g. Lions.

42
Q

What did Zeppelin and Rechtshaffen do?

A

Evolutionary theory - supports Webb - animals with a fast metabolic rate sleep more as they use their energy up faster.

43
Q

What did Mukhametov do?

A

Evolutionary theory - supports Webb - bottlenose dolphins sleep with one hemisphere of their brain at a time (sleep must be important for energy restoration if they had to evolve such an extreme way of sleeping)

44
Q

What did Pilleri do?

A

Evolutionary theory - supports Webb - Indus Dolphins sleep for seconds at a time (sleep must be important for energy restoration if they had to evolve such an extreme way of sleeping)

45
Q

What did Allison and Cicchetti do?

A

Evolutionary theory - supports Meddis - animals with less predators e.g. Lions sleep for longer, animals with lots of predators e.g. Antelope sleep for very short periods of time.

46
Q

What did Rattenborg do?

A

Evolutionary theory - supports Meddis - birds on the end of the row sleep with one eye open to watch out for predators

47
Q

What did Evans do?

A

Evolutionary theory - challenges Meddis - sleep can be dangerous e.g. Night terrors (so sleeping doesn’t necessarily keep animals quiet and safe from predators)

48
Q

What are the types of insomnia?

A 
Initial - trouble falling asleep
Middle - trouble maintaining sleep
Terminal - waking up too early
Transient - short term
Intermittent - occasional
Chronic - one month or more
49
Q

What are risk factors in insomnia?

A

Age - old people suffer more
Gender - women more vulnerable
Sleep difficulties - e.g. Bruxism (teeth grinding), sleep apnoea (stopping breathing)
Personality - those who internalise their problems are more vulnerable

50
Q

What did Bonnet and Arand do?

A

Insomnia - predisposing factors - insomnia s more likely to experience hyperarousal (a genetic thing)

51
Q

What did Watson do?

A

Insomnia - predisposing factors - twin study, 50% of variance in insomnia is due to genetics

52
Q

What did Kales et al do?

A

Insomnia - precipitating factors - insomniac are more likely to internalise psychological problems

53
Q

What did Hanson and Ostergren do?

A

Insomnia - precipitating factors - those with supportive relationships are less likely to develop insomnia

54
Q

What did Storms and Nisbett do?

A

Insomnia - perpetuating factors - participants were given a pill, if they thought it was a stimulant then they actually slept better than if they were told it was a sedative. This is because they attributed their arousal to the pill and so actually relaxed and got to sleep quicker.

55
Q

What did Hublin et al do?

A

Sleepwalking - sleepwalking affects 20% of children and less than 3% of adults

56
Q

What did Lecendreux do?

A

Sleepwalking - genetics - 50% concordance for sleepwalking for MZ twins and only 10-15% for DZ

57
Q

What did Broughton do?

A

Sleepwalking - prevalence of sleepwalking in first degree relatives of sleepwalkers is up to 10 times higher than for the general population

58
Q

What did Plazzi et al do?

A

Sleepwalking - environment - sleep deprivation, alcohol, having a faves, stress and hormonal changes all cause sleepwalking

59
Q

What did Zadra do?

A

Sleepwalking - diathesis stress - sleep deprivation doesn’t cause sleepwalking in the general population but it does in those who are already genetically predisposed.

60
Q

What did Vogel do?

A

Narcolepsy - REM hypothesis - observed sleep at the onset of sleep in a narcoleptic patient

61
Q

What did Siegel do?

A

Narcolepsy - REM hypothesis - recorded activity of neurons that only accompany REM sleep in the brain stem of narcoleptic dogs

62
Q

What did Honda do?

A

Narcolepsy - HLA - found increased frequency of HLA in narcoleptic patients, thought to be due to a malfunction in the immune system as HLA is found on white blood cells

63
Q

What did Mignot do?

A

Narcolepsy - HLA - HLA variant is not found in all narcoleptics so there must be another explanation
And…
Hypocretin - narcolepsy doesn’t run in families so any difference in hypocretins is not down to genes. Perhaps. It is a result of illness, which also explains the HLA link

64
Q

What did Lin et al do?

A

Narcolepsy - hypocretins - found that due to a gene mutation narcoleptic dogs have low levels of hypocretins

65
Q

What did Nishino do?

A

Narcolepsy - hypocretins - found low levels of hypocretins in the cerebrospinal fluid of human narcoleptics

66
Q

What is the REM hypothesis for narcolepsy?

A

Explanation of narcolepsy proposed in the 60’s. Suggests narcolepsy is caused by a malfunction in the system that regulates REM sleep. Cataplexy is one symptom of narcolepsy where the body becomes paralysed like it does in REM.

67
Q

What is the HLA explanation of narcolepsy?

A

HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen which is found on white blood cells and coordinates the immune systems response. It is thought that narcolepsy is due to a malfunction in the immune system because high levels of HLA have been found in narcoleptics

68
Q

What is the hypocretin explanation of narcolepsy?

A

The hypocretin neurotransmitter play a role in wakefulness. Narcoleptics have low levels of this neurotransmitter.

69
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Cycles that occur once every 24 hrs e.g. Sleep/wake

Yr 13 Psychology (6 decks)

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