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Yr 13 Psychology > Eating Behaviour unit 3 > Flashcards

Eating Behaviour unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the symptoms of anorexia?

A
  • body dysmorphia
  • anxiety, fear of becoming fat
  • amenorrhea (at least three consecutive cycles)
  • loss of weight
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2
Q

What did Birch and Fisher do?

A

Social Learning Theory - the best predictors of daughters eating habits were the mothers dietary restraint and their perception of the risks of the daughters becoming overweight (parental modelling)

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3
Q

What did Meyer and Gast do?

A

Social Learning Theory - surveyed 10-12 yr old girls and found a significant positive correlation between peer influence and disordered eating (parental modelling)

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4
Q

What did Becker do?

A

Social learning theory - studied the introduction of western media to Fiji, the number of girls who got a high score on the questionnaire (indicating disordered eating) rose after 3 years (13% in ‘95, 29% in ‘98) (media)

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5
Q

What did Tapper, Horne and Lowe do?

A

Social learning theory - found long and lasting changes in fruit and vegetable consumption in children from 2-11 yrs of age after they were shown ‘food dudes’ cartoon and rewarded for eating fruit and veg (media)

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6
Q

What did Brown and Ogden do?

A

Social learning theory - questionnaires to children (9-13 yrs) and their parents. Found that parental modelling affected child’s diet, if parents attempted to restrict the child’s food intake it actually led to them eating more

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7
Q

What did Powell and Kahn do?

A

Cultural influences (ethnicity) - eating concerns and disorders are more prevalent in white women than black or Asian women

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8
Q

What did Mumford do?

A

Cultural influences (ethnicity) - instance of bulimia was greater among Asian schoolgirls than among their white counterparts

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9
Q

What did Striegel-Moore do?

A

Cultural influences (ethnicity) - found more evidence of a drive for thinness among black girls than white girls

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10
Q

What did Ball and Kennardy do?

A

Cultural influences (ethnicity) - studied 14,000 women between ages of 18-23 in Australia. For women from all cultural backgrounds, their eating behaviour became more similar to Australian women the more time they spent in Australia (acculturation effect)

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11
Q

What did Rozin do?

A

Cultural influences (ethnicity) - found substantial cultural differences in food related issues between Belgium, France, USA and Japan

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12
Q

What did Dornbusch do?

A

Cultural influences (class) - survey of 7000 American adolescents, higher class females had more desire to be thin and were more likely to diet

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13
Q

What did Story et al do?

A

Cultural influences (class) - American students, higher social class related to greater satisfaction with weight and lower rates of weight control behaviours

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14
Q

What did Goode et al do?

A

Cultural influences (class) - income is positively correlated with healthy eating

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15
Q

What did Rozin find in terms of gender?

A

Cultural influences (gender) - in their cross cultural study they also found substantial gender differences in eating attitudes

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16
Q

What did Siever do?

A

Cultural influences (gender) - men also suffer eating disorders, homosexuals are more likely to suffer eating disorders than male heterosexuals

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of bulimia?

A
  • body dysmorphia
  • binge
  • purge
  • frequency (twice a week for three months)
  • different from anorexia
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18
Q

What did Wegner et al do?

A

Mood and food - asked students to keep a diary of their eating patterns and mood States over two weeks. Binge days were characterised by lower mood, but food did not improve mood

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19
Q

What did Parker et al do?

A

Mood and food - although chocolate has a slight antidepressant effect for some, when consumed as an emotional coping strategy, it is more likely to prolong rather than alleviate the negative mood

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20
Q

What did Garg et al do?

A

Mood and food - observed food choices (popcorn or grapes) of 38 participants as they watched either an upbeat and funny or sad depressing movie. Those watching the sad movie ate 36% more popcorn than the other group

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21
Q

What are the two theories of the failure of dieting?

A

Denial and restraint theory

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22
Q

What is the theory for the success of dieting?

A

Detail

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23
Q

What did Herman and Mack do?

A

Dieting - Proposed the restraint theory - attempting to not eat actually increases the probability of overeating

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24
Q

What did Herman and Polivy do?

A

Dieting - proposed the boundary theory - by restricting their diet, dieters are more likely to overeat when they have a ‘what the hell’ moment as it takes them longer to get full

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25
Q

What did Wardle and Beales do?

A

Dieting - 27 obese women randomly assigned to diet, exercise or non treatment group. After six weeks tested food intake in a lab under stressful conditions - the diet group ate more than the other two groups

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26
Q

What did Wegner do for the denial theory?

A

Dieting - White bear study. Those told not to think about the White bear and ring a bell if they did actually rang the bell more than a group who were told they could think about it

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27
Q

What did Redden do?

A

Dieting - Proposed the detail theory (when food gets repetitive we like it less, by focusing on details we enjoy the healthy food we are eating)
Conducted the jelly bean study - 135 participants given 22 jelly beans, half given general info (red bean number 7), others given specific details (cherry flavoured bean number 7), participants less bored when given specific details

28
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus do in terms of eating?

A

Produces feelings of hunger when glucose levels drop in the blood and activate it

29
Q

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do in terms of eating?

A

Produces feelings of satiation when glucose levels rise in the blood

30
Q

What is NPY?

A

Neuropeptide Y - neurotransmitter found in the hypothalamus, ‘turns on’ eating

31
Q

What did Wickens do?

A

Neural theory - when NPY is injected into rats they immediately begin feeding despite satiation

32
Q

What did Stanley do?

A

Neural theory - repeated injections of NPY into the hypothalamus of rats produces obesity in just a few days

33
Q

What did Sakurai do?

A

Neural theory - lateral hypothalamus also controls other things like thirst and sex drive, eating behaviour seems to be controlled by circuits throughout the brain rather than just one area

34
Q

What did Gold do?

A

Neural theory - damage to ventromedial hypothalamus alone doesn’t cause overeating, it seems to be damage to another area of the hypothalamus (the paraventricular nucleus) that causes hyperphagia (overeating)

35
Q

What did Marie et al do?

A

Neural theory - genetically manipulated mice to produce no NPY but there was no subsequent decrease in eating behaviour

36
Q

What did Yang et al do?

A

Neural theory - NPY is produced by abdominal fat, leads to a vicious cliche in overeating

37
Q

What did Rolls and Rolls do?

A

Neural theory - rats with a normal amygdala choose familiar foods, those whose amygdala was removed chose familiar and novel foods indiscriminately

38
Q

What did Zald and Pardo do?

A

Neural theory - exposed participants to smells and monitored blood flow to the amygdala using PET scan, unpleasant odours led to more blood flow to amygdala than pleasant odours

39
Q

What did Kolbe and Whishaw do?

A

Neural theory - damage to inferior prefrontal cortex leads to decreased eating due to diminished sensory responses to smell and taste

40
Q

What did Gibson and Wardle do in terms of evolution?

A

Evolution - when 4-5 yr olds are given a choice of foods they go straight for high calorie options e.g. Bananas and potato

41
Q

What did Stanford do?

A

Evolution - when food is scarce, chimps go for the high calorie part of their kill e.g. Brain and bone marrow rather than the more nutritious fleshy parts

42
Q

What did Milton do?

A

Evolution - during the environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA) there was not enough nutritious value in plant foods to survive on those alone

43
Q

What did Abrams do?

A

Evolution - anthropological evidence supports the theory that humans have always eaten meat

44
Q

What did Garcia do?

A

Evolution - taste aversion (rats exposed to radiation and then given saccharin to eat developed an aversion to it), medicine effect (rats deficient in thiamine developed a taste for food that was given alongside a thiamine injection)

45
Q

What did Bernstein and Webster do?

A

Evolution - patients who had chemotherapy treatment developed an aversion to a novel tasting ice cream they were given whilst receiving treatment

46
Q

How does the psychodynamic theory explain anorexia?

A

Freud - substitute for sexual activity, avoids development of adult body
Hilda Bruch - poor parenting and controlling parents, not eating is a way of gaining control over something

47
Q

How does the behavioural approach explain anorexia?

A

Classical conditioning - associate thinness with attractiveness
Operant conditioning - compliments when starting to lose weight and then added attention when weight loss becomes extreme act as positive reinforcers
Social learning theory - imitate thin celebrities
Vicarious reinforcement - see celebrities being rewarded for thinness

48
Q

How does the cognitive approach explain anorexia?

A

Faulty cognitions e.g. Think they are fat, are preoccupied with weight, think losing weight can solve all their problems etc.

49
Q

What did McLelland do?

A

Psychological anorexia (psychodynamic) - 30% of clients with an eating disorder had a history of sexual abuse

50
Q

What did Kalucy do?

A

Psychological anorexia (psychodynamic) - higher parental conflict in families with anorexics

51
Q

What did Hoek do?

A

Psychological anorexia (challenges behavioural) - 44,192 records of patients admitted to hospital in Curaçao (where culturally it is okay to be overweight) over 2 yrs (‘87-‘89), found 6 cases of eating disorders (similar to the West)

52
Q

What did Sui-Wah do?

A

Psychological anorexia (behavioural) - anorexia is rare in black populations in western and non-western cultures

53
Q

What did Bemis-Vitousek and Orimoto do?

A

Psychological anorexia (cognitive) - a common faulty thought is that dieting shows you have self control, although anorexics have lost control

54
Q

What did Waller and Hodgson do?

A

Psychological anorexia (cognitive) - when asked to identify themselves in a line up of digitally altered images, anorexics generally pick an image substantially bigger than their real picture

55
Q

Which two neurotransmitters are involved in anorexia?

A

Serotonin - high levels

Dopamine - high levels

56
Q

What did Bailer do?

A

Neural anorexia - increased serotonin as a result of anxiety leads to anorexia (serotonin leads to loss of appetite)

57
Q

What did Kaye et al do about serotonin?

A

Neural anorexia - SSRIs which lower levels of serotonin don’t cure anorexia but they do prevent relapse in those already recovering

58
Q

What did Kaye et al do about dopamine?

A

Neural anorexia - anorexics have over activity in dopamine receptors in basal ganglia - they don’t associate good feelings with the things most of us find pleasurable e.g. Food

59
Q

What did Castro-Fornieles do?

A

Neural anorexia - adolescent girls with anorexia had high levels of homovanillic acid (waste product of dopamine)

60
Q

What did Lindbergh and Hjern do?

A

Neural anorexia - found significant association between premature birth and development of anorexia

61
Q

What did Bulik do?

A

Neural anorexia - anorexic mothers expose children to a double disadvantage - genetic predisposition and inadequate nutrition during pregnancy

62
Q

What did Eagles do?

A

Neural anorexia - anorexics are more likely to be born during the spring months

63
Q

What did Willoughby do?

A

Neural anorexia - there is no seasonality effect in development of anorexia in Equatorial regions (always hot)

64
Q

What are the two evolutionary theories of anorexia?

A

Adapted to flee (severe weight loss triggers hyperactivity and denial of starvation) and reproduction suppression hypothesis (ability to delay reproduction when conditions are not conducive to survival)

65
Q

What did Surbey do?

A

Evolution anorexia - anorexia is a disordered variant of the adaptive ability of females to alter the timing of reproduction at a time when they feel unable to cope with the biological, emotional and social responsibilities of womanhood

66
Q

What did Guisinger do?

A

Evolution anorexia - loss of weight could trigger ancestral mechanisms of hyperactivity and denial of starvation in order to give impression of strength so animal moves on (hopefully to a more abundant area)

Yr 13 Psychology (6 decks)

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