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Yr 13 Psychology > Aggression unit 3 > Flashcards

Aggression unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the social psychological theories of aggression?

A

Social learning theory and deindividuation

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2
Q

What did Bandura do?

A

Social learning theory - Bobo doll experiment (social learning theory) and then a later replication where children were offered a reward to copy the aggressive model (operant conditioning)

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3
Q

What did Bandura and Walters do?

A

Social learning theory - Replication of Bobo doll experiment where the model was either rewarded of punished (vicarious reinforcement)

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4
Q

What did Gustav Le Bon do?

A

Deindividuation - Studied mob violence in the French Revolution in the late 18th century. Found individuals lose self control in a crowd and commit acts of violence

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5
Q

What did Zimbardo say about deindividuation?

A

Suggested that being part of a crowd:

  • diminishes awareness of individuality
  • makes people faceless and anonymous
  • reduces fear of retribution
  • dilutes sense of guilt, shame or fear
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6
Q

What did Mann do?

A

Deindividuation - studied reports of suicide baiters and found it was most likely to occur at night, in a large crowd and when the crowd was far from the ‘jumper’

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7
Q

What did Robert Watson do?

A

Deindividuation - studied tribal cultures and found the most aggressive ones were the ones who altered their appearance the most

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8
Q

What did Johnson and Downing do?

A

Deindividuation - got people to do a Milgram style experiment (delivering shocks) when dressed as either a nurse or as KKK. Both were Deindividuation but the nurses gave much lower shocks.

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9
Q

What did Spivey and Prentice-Dunn do?

A

Deindividuation - Found that Deindividuation can lead to pro social acts depending on the circumstances

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10
Q

What are the two types of institutional aggression?

A 
Within groups - aggression with other who are similar to you (e.g. Other prisoners, other students)
Between groups - aggression with others who you class to be different (e.g. Different cultures)
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11
Q

What did Vyugin do?

A

Institutional aggression - in February 2006, Private Andrei Sychev was so brutally beaten by other soldiers at a military school in Russia that he required amputation of his legs and genitalia (within groups - hazing)

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12
Q

What did Allan and Madden do?

A

Institutional aggression - conducted a study of 11,000 US students involved in clubs and teams and found that over half had experienced hazing (within groups - hazing)

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13
Q

What did Nuwer do?

A

Institutional aggression - of the sixty Or so reported deaths due to hazing, only three have been women (within groups - hazing)

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14
Q

What did Irwin and Cressey do?

A

Institutional aggression - the importation model - prisoners bring their own social histories and traits with them into prison (within groups - prisoners)

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15
Q

What did Paterline and Peterson do?

A

Institutional aggression - the deprivation model - prisoner of patient aggression is the result of the stressful and oppressive conditions of the institution itself (within groups - prisoners)

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16
Q

What did Harer and Steffenmeister do?

A

Institutional aggression - collected data from 58 US prisons, behaviour mimicked real life - more violence with black inmates, more drugs with white inmates (within groups - supports importation model)

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17
Q

What did McCorkle do?

A

Institutional aggression - overcrowding, lack of privacy and the lack of meaningful activity all significantly influence peer violence (within groups - supports deprivation model)

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18
Q

What did Calhoun do?

A

Institutional aggression - crowded rats, they began killing and eating each other (within groups - supports deprivation model)

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19
Q

What did Staub do?

A 
Institutional aggression - five stages of genocide:
- difficult social conditions
- scapegoating
- dehumanisation of target group
- moral values become inapplicable
- passive of bystanders
(Between groups)
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20
Q

What did Milgram do?

A

Institutional aggression - electric shock experiment - genocide could be due to obedience (between groups)

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21
Q

Which two neurotransmitters affect aggression?

A

Serotonin - low levels

Dopamine - high levels

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22
Q

Which hormones affect aggression?

A

Testosterone - high levels

Cortisol - low levels

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23
Q

What did Dabbs do?

A

Hormones - measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals. Those with highest testosterone had a history of primarily violent crimes

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24
Q

What did Lindman do?

A

Hormones - Found that young males who act aggressively when drunk had higher levels of testosterone

25
Q

What did Albert do?

A

Hormones - some studies find no relationship between testosterone and aggression,my hose that have found a positive correlation have involved small samples of men within prisons

26
Q

What did Baucom do?

A

Hormones - Found women with higher testosterone levels had higher occupational status, maybe as a result of being more assertive

27
Q

What did McBurnett do?

A

Hormones - Four year study of boys with behavioural problems. Those with consistently low levels of cortisol began antisocial acts at a younger age and exhibited three times the number of aggressive symptoms than boys with higher levels

28
Q

What does social learning theory say about aggression?

A

Aggression is learned.
Social learning theory - we imitate aggressive role models
Vicarious reinforcement - we are more likely to imitate the role models if we see them being rewarded for their aggressive behaviour
Operant conditioning - we think we will get a reward for being aggressive
Classical conditioning - we have positive associations for aggression e.g. associate aggression with power etc.

29
Q

What did Mann et al find about neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters - gave 35 healthy subjects dexfenfluramine which is known to deplete serotonin. Using a questionnaire to measure aggression they found it made males more aggressive but not females

30
Q

What did Lavine do?

A

Neurotransmitters - dopamine increases when people take amphetamines , and these have been linked with aggression

31
Q

What did Buitelaar do?

A

Neurotransmitters - antipsychotics have been found to reduce aggressive behaviour in aggressive delinquents (antipsychotics reduce dopamine)

32
Q

What did Popova do?

A

Neurotransmitters - animals that are bred for domestication (pets) and calm temperaments tend to have increased levels of serotonin

33
Q

What did Bond do?

A

Neurotransmitters - antidepressants work by increasing serotonin, they have been found to reduce aggression

34
Q

What did Scerbo and Raine do?

A

Neurotransmitters - meta-analysis of 29 studies of antisocial children and adults, found consistently lower levels of serotonin in aggressive people but no difference in dopamine

35
Q

Who is Jeff Landrigan?

A

Genetics - Convicted murderer who had been adopted at 6 months, whilst on death row found out his biological father was also on death row, claimed that he has a genetic predisposition to violence

36
Q

What did Coccaro do?

A

Genetics - 50% of the variance in aggressive behaviour towards others can be explained by genetic factors

37
Q

What did Plomin do?

A

Genetics - found no difference in correlations between MZ and DZ twins in a bobo doll study, more about family upbringing than genetics

38
Q

What did Hutchings and Mednick do?

A

Genetics - study of over 14,000 adoptions in Denmark, found a significant number of adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents (particularly fathers) with criminal convictions

39
Q

What did Miles and Carey do?

A

Genetics - 24 twin and adoption studies, most had relied on parental or self reports of aggressive tendencies. Found a strong genetic link which could account for as much as 50% of the variance in aggression

40
Q

What did Brunner do?

A

Genetics - studied a Dutch family where many of the males had been involved in violent crime, they were found to have a defect in the gene producing MAOA (regulates metabolism of serotonin)

41
Q

What did Caspi do?

A

Genetics - studied 500 male children, those with low levels of MAOA were more violent but only if they had been maltreated as children (diathermy stress)

42
Q

What did Buss do?

A

Evolution (jealousy and infidelity) - Identified adaptive problems which we have evolved to deal with e.g. How to deter long term mates from sexual infidelity, how to get access to mates, how to inflict costs on intrasexual rivals etc.

43
Q

What is cuckoldry?

A

Evolution (jealousy and infidelity) - when a man invests resources in offspring that are not their own

44
Q

What did Wilson do?

A

Evolution (jealousy and infidelity) - gave questionnaires to women and found the ones who reported jealousy were twice as likely to have experienced violence from a partner, with 72% requiring medical attention

45
Q

What did Dobash and Dobash do?

A

Evolution (jealousy and infidelity) - studies of battered women frequently cite jealousy of male partners as the key cause

46
Q

What did Shackleford do?

A

Evolution (jealousy and infidelity) - conducted a survey of 461 men and 560 women in America. Found a positive correlation between the use of retention techniques of threats, vigilance and emotional manipulation (e.g. If you leave me I’ll kill myself) and violence

47
Q

What are the two types of group display for the evolutionary theory of aggression?.

A

Sports and warfare

48
Q

What are the two group display explanations for sport?

A

Xenophobia (fear and hatred of strangers - lots of racist chants in football etc.) and territoriality (defend own territory - when your team is playing at home)

49
Q

What did Shaw and Wong do?

A

Evolution (group display - sport) - evolution has favoured genes that cause humans to be friendly and accepting of our ingroup and intolerant of outsiders. This suspicion, over-cautiousness and over-exaggeration of negative characteristics of outsiders helped our ancestors to avoid potential attack and thus reproduce, passing on this gene

50
Q

What did Huntingford and Turner do?

A

Evolution (group display - sport) - territorial behaviour is common in many animal species, they typically show threat behaviour towards outsiders and attack with greater vigour when defending home territory

51
Q

What did Podaliri and Baelstri do?

A

Evolution (group display - sport) - found evidence of xenophobic tendencies in Italian football crowd, racist chants and anti-Semitic banners

52
Q

What did Foldesi do?

A

Evolution (group display - sport) - studied Hungarian football crowds, saw xenophobic outbursts against Gypsies, Jews and Russians

53
Q

What did Neave and Wolfson do?

A

Evolution (group display - sport) - football teams playing at home were far more likely to win because players have a huge surge in testosterone before a home match - due to evolved drive to defend home territory

54
Q

What did Lewis et al do?

A

Evolution (group display - sport) - among football fans, crowd support was rated the most significant factor in home advantage, however it is not known whether this is due to ‘psyching up’ the home team or distracting the away team - this suggests the original adaptive function of such displays may no longer be relevant

55
Q

What are the two group display explanations for warfare?

A

Sexual selection (women find warriors attractive) and acquisition of status (warriors get respect)

56
Q

What did Irons do?

A

Evolution (group display - warfare) - individuals demonstrate their commitment to the group through permanent war displays such as scars and mutilation - signals of commitment

57
Q

What did Chagnon do?

A

Evolution (group display - warfare) - displays of aggressiveness and bravery are attractive to females. Male warriors in traditional societies tend to have more sexual partners and more children

58
Q

What did Palmer and Tilley do?

A

Evolution (group display - warfare) - male youth street gang members have more sexual partners

59
Q

What did Leunissen and Van Vugt do?

A

Evolution (group display - warfare) - military men have greater sex appeal if they have shown bravery in combat

Yr 13 Psychology (6 decks)

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