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Yr 13 Psychology > Addiction unit 4 > Flashcards

Addiction unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the biological model explain maintenance of smoking?

A

Neurotransmitters - nicotine leads to release of dopamine

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2
Q

How does the biological model explain relapse of smoking?

A

Genetics - genetics affect how successful someone is at giving up
Neurotransmitters - withdrawal from nicotine leads to cravings

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3
Q

What did Vink et al do?

A

Biological smoking - studied 1572 Dutch twins, for males and females smoking was 44% genetic and 56% environmental (initiation)
Said that nicotine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which leads to release of dopamine. This creates short lived feelings of pleasure for the smoker who then experiences impairment of mood and concentration within hours of their last cigarette as nicotine level drops in the blood (maintenance)

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4
Q

What did Buka do?

A

Biological smoking - mothers smoking during pregnancy doesn’t affect whether child will later start smoking but does double their chances of addiction if they do start (maintenance)

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5
Q

How does the biological model explain initiation of smoking?

A

Genetics

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6
Q

What did Khaled do?

A

Biological smoking - long term smoking has an adverse effect on mood because it alters brain neurochemistry (relapse)

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7
Q

What did Boardman do?

A

Biological smoking - conducted a US study of 348 MZ and 321 DZ same sex twins, estimate heritability for smoking to be 42% (initiation)

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8
Q

What did Uhl et al do?

A

Biological smoking - research has tried to identify specific genes associated with quit success. The evidence shows that variations in many genes (up to about 89) each contribute a small amount (relapse)

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9
Q

How does the biological model explain initiation of gambling?

A

Genetics

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10
Q

How does the biological model explain maintenance of gambling?

A

Hormones and stimulation - underactive (low) levels of cortisol means gambler doesn’t feel stress/excitement of gambling in same way and so seeks increased stimulation

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11
Q

How does the biological model explain relapse of gambling?

A

Boredom avoidance - due to genetic trait and absence of stimulation (cortisol)

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12
Q

What did Shah et al do?

A

Biological gambling - twin study that found evidence of a genetic transmission of gambling in men (64% genetic) (initiation)

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13
Q

What did Black do?

A

Biological gambling - first degree relatives of pathological gamblers more likely than more distant relatives to develop it themselves (initiation)

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14
Q

What did Paris do?

A

Biological gambling - recreational gamblers had increased cortisol after watching a video of their preferred method of gambling, pathological gamblers did not have an increase in cortisol levels (maintenance)

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15
Q

What did Zuckerman do?

A

Biological gambling - high sensation seekers have a lower appreciation of risk and think of arousal as more positive than low sensation seekers, and are more likely to gamble (maintenance)

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16
Q

What did Blaszczynski do?

A

Biological gambling - poor tolerance for boredom may contribute to repetitive gambling behaviour (relapse)

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17
Q

How does the cognitive model explain initiation of smoking?

A

Expectancy theory - if you have positive expectations you are more likely to start

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18
Q

How does the cognitive model explain maintenance of smoking?

A

Automatic processing - as the addiction develops it becomes more about unconscious expectancies e.g. Habit

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19
Q

How does the cognitive model explain relapse of smoking?

A

Expectancy theory - if you have find memories of smoking you are more likely to relapse, also cues could lead to cravings, also expectancy of ability to give up smoking can affect relapse rates

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20
Q

What did Brandon et al do?

A

Cognitive smoking - adolescents may smoke when they are experiencing a negative mood as they think the cigarette may improve their mood (initiation)
Automatic processing explains loss of control many addicts experience (maintenance)

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21
Q

What did Mermelstein et al do?

A

Cognitive smoking - suggests the expectation of states such as relaxation and increased self confidence are reasons for adolescents beginning smoking (initiation)

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22
Q

What did Tate et al do?

A

Cognitive smoking - if a smoker who quits is told to expect no negative effects then they actually experience less physical effects (e.g. Nausea and headaches) and psychological effects (e.g. Low mood and anxiety) than a control group (relapse)

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23
Q

What did DeVries and Backbier do?

A

Cognitive smoking - Smokers that expect smoking has more benefits than quitting are more likely to relapse (relapse)

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24
Q

How does the cognitive model explain initiation of gambling?

A

Self medication - gamble to distract from depression, to try and solve money problems etc.

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25
Q

How does the cognitive model explain maintenance of gambling?

A

Illusions of control - false belief that superstitious behaviour can influence gambling
Gamblers fallacy - mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, then it will happen less frequently in the future (e.g. I’m due a win)

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26
Q

How does the cognitive model explain relapse of gambling?

A

Recall bias - remember and overestimate wins

Just world hypothesis - believe they deserve to win because they have lost so often

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27
Q

What did Li et al do?

A

Cognitive gambling - pathological gamblers who gambled to escape the painful reality of life were significantly more likely to have other substance dependencies than pathological gamblers who gambled for pleasure (initiation)

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28
Q

What did Becona et al do?

A

Cognitive gambling - major depressive disorder is evident in the majority of pathological gamblers (initiation)

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29
Q

What did Oei and Gordon do?

A

Cognitive gambling - pathological gamblers have exaggerated self confidence in their ability to ‘beat the system’ and influence chance. They attribute their success to their skill or ability and failure to chance or bad luck (maintenance)

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30
Q

What did Griffiths do?

A

Cognitive gambling - compared 30 gamblers with non gamblers in their verbalisations at fruit machines, gamblers were more likely to be irrational (maintenance)

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31
Q

What did Blanco do?

A

Cognitive gambling - Suggests pathological gamblers suffer from recall bias and just world hypothesis (relapse)

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32
Q

How does social learning theory explain initiation of smoking?

A

Social learning theory - imitate role models who smoke
Vicarious reinforcement - especially if we have seen those role models rewarded for smoking behaviour e.g. More popular
Operant conditioning - we think we will get a reward for starting to smoke

33
Q

How does social learning theory explain maintenance of smoking?

A

Classical conditioning - the repetition of smoking leads to a strong conditioned association between the sights and smells of cigarettes and the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Associations with smoking and certain cues are developed e.g. Always smoke after a meal

34
Q

How does social learning explain relapse of smoking?

A

Classical conditioning - cues previously associated with nicotine lead to craving and the likelihood the smoker will relapse

35
Q

What did Karcher and Finn do?

A

Social learning smoking - youth whose parents smoked were 1.88 times more likely to take up smoking, youth whose siblings smoked were 2.64 times more likely to smoke and youth whose close friends smoked were 8 times more likely to smoke (initiation)

36
Q

What did DiBlasio and Benda do?

A

Social learning smoking - peer group influences were the primary influence for adolescents who smoke or take drugs (initiation)

37
Q

What did Thewissen et al do?

A

Social learning smoking - smokers who were presented with a smoking cue were more likely to smoke (maintenance)

38
Q

What did Drummond et al do?

A

Social learning smoking - Developed a treatment called ‘cue exposure’, involves person experiencing cues (e.g. Being in pub) without the opportunity to engage in addictive behaviour, breaks the association and reduces cravings. (Relapse)

39
Q

How does social learning theory explain initiation of gambling?

A

Social learning theory - imitate role models who gamble
Vicarious reinforcement - especially if they have seen those role models rewarded for gambling
Operant conditioning - they believe they will get a reward from start gin to gamble

40
Q

How does social learning explain maintenance of gambling?

A

Operant conditioning - occasional wins act as positive reinforcers

41
Q

How does social learning explain the relapse of gambling?

A

Classical conditioning - addicts associate cues with gambling, the presence of these cues can lead to relapse

42
Q

What did Griffiths say about initiation of gambling?

A

Social learning gambling - gamblers play slot machines for the physiological, psychological, social and financial rewards (initiation)

43
Q

What did Lambos do?

A

Social learning gambling - found that peers and family members of gamblers approved of gambling (maintenance)

44
Q

What did Blaszczynski and Nower do?

A

Social learning gambling - gamblers who were conditioned into gambling through peers are more successful in quitting gambling than those who are more emotionally vulnerable (relapse)

45
Q

What are the four vulnerability/risk factors in addiction?

A

Stress, personality, peers, age

46
Q

What did Hajek et al do?

A

Vulnerability (stress) - smokers say they smoke to relieve stress but actually smoking increases stress levels

47
Q

What did Driessen do?

A

Vulnerability (stress) - found 30% of drug addicts and 15% of alcoholics also suffer from post traumatic stress disorder

48
Q

What did Cloniger do?.

A

Vulnerability (stress) - some alcoholics drink to relieve stress but some drink to relieve boredom

49
Q

What did Shram do?

A

Vulnerability (age) - nicotine was found to have a greater activating effect on the neural structures of adolescent rats, they were more sensitive to the rewarding qualities of nicotine and less sensitive to the aversive effects

50
Q

What did the Health Canada Youth Smoking Survey (2006) find?

A

Vulnerability (age) - Adolescent cigarette smoking is a ‘gateway’ to facilitating progression to other legal and illegal drug use

51
Q

What did McAlister find?

A

Vulnerability (peers) - popularity was an important factor in teens starting smoking

52
Q

What did Duncan find?

A

Vulnerability (peers) - exposure to peers who smoke increases the likelihood that teenagers will start smoking

53
Q

What did Sussman and Ames find?

A

Vulnerability (peers) - family conflict, poor supervision, drug use to,stance by parents, family modelling of drug using behaviour and deviant peer group association all lead to initiation of drugs, peers are just one of several social influences

54
Q

What did Francis find?

A

Vulnerability (personality) - neurotic and psychotic personalities are more prone to addiction

55
Q

What did Rounsaville find?

A

Vulnerability (personality) - link between alcoholism and anti social personality disorder

56
Q

What did Slutsky find?

A

Vulnerability (personality) - link between alcoholism and conduct disorder

57
Q

What did Sulkenen do?

A

Media and addiction - collected 61 scenes from 47 films. Films about drug users presented drugs as enjoyable, in contrast with the dullness of ordinary life

58
Q

What did Gunasekera et al do?

A

Media and addiction - reviewed portrayal of sex and drugs in 87 of the most popular films in the previous 20 yrs. Only 1 in 4 films was free from negative health behaviours, such as smoking, drug taking and unprotected sex (of the 53 episodes of sex there was only one suggestion of condom use)

59
Q

What did Boyd do?

A

Media and addiction - films do frequently show negative effects of drug use (e.g. Physical deterioration, crime, sexual degradation etc.). In the USA they have guidelines on how they should portray drug use in films and are offered financial incentives for doing this in a negative way

60
Q

What did Kramer et al do?

A

Media and addiction - study in Netherlands to assess the effectiveness of a 5 part TV series called ‘Drinking Less? Do it Youself!’ to combat high risk drinking. They found that the group who saw these programmes reduced their problem drinking significantly more than the control group, and this was maintained at a 3 month follow up

61
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Theory for addiction prevention.
Has been used to create a questionnaire which assesses whether the person is likely to engage in certain health behaviour ps (including addiction)
E.g. Identifies those who are likely to become addicted and who is ready to give up addictions

62
Q

Who proposed the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Ajzen

63
Q

What did White et al do?

A

Theory of planned behaviour - 1000 12-20 yr olds in a high risk area for skin cancer in Queensland, Australia completed a TPB questionnaire. Two weeks later they reported their actual sun protection behaviour. The questionnaire had accurately predicted their intention and behaviour

64
Q

What did Albarracin et al do?

A

Theory of planned behaviour - questionnaire responses are not reliable as intention may change when in the actual situation

65
Q

What are psychological interventions for addiction?

A

Therapies which originate mainly with the behaviour or cognitive approach e.g. Cognitive behavioural therapy

66
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy - focuses on changing the way the client thinks by addressing faulty cognitions and teaches behavioural coping techniques e.g. Distraction activities and self statements

67
Q

What did Ladouceur et al do?

A

Psychological interventions - CBT - randomly assigned 66 pathological gamblers to control or CBT conditions. 86% of those in CBT group quit gambling

68
Q

What did Sylvain et al do?

A

Psychological interventions - CBT - found significant improvements in male gamblers after CBT

69
Q

What did the NIDA study find?

A

Psychological interventions - CBT - found combination of group and individual therapy is very effective in treating drug abuse

70
Q

What are public health interventions?

A

Initiatives that are not just aimed at addicts. Target all members of the population so that everyone is aware of the risks and the information/help that is on offer.
E.g. Telephone smoking quitlines, doctors advice, health warnings in cigarette packets, government initiatives (increasing cost of cigarettes), workplace interventions (e.g. Smoking ban)

71
Q

What did Stead et al do?

A

Public health interventions - smoking quitlines - meta analysis, call back counselling 50% more effective in stopping smoking than self help or brief counselling

72
Q

What did Boos and Croft do?

A

Public health interventions - smoking quitlines - found quitlines to be effective in stopping smoking in military veterans

73
Q

What did Beckham do?

A

Public health interventions - smoking quitlines - military veterans are more likely to stop smoking with combination of telephone counselling and nicotine replacement

74
Q

What are biological interventions for addiction?

A

Used to manipulate levels of hormones and/or neurotransmitters. The most common form is drugs but there is also nicotine replacement for smoking

75
Q

What is methadone?

A

Biological interventions - Drug for heroin - mimics the effects but is less addictive

76
Q

What are SSRI’s?

A

Biological interventions - they increase levels of serotonin

77
Q

What did Holander et al do?

A

Biological interventions - SSRI’s - gamblers treated with SSRI’s to increase serotonin showed significant improvement compared to controls

78
Q

What is Naltrexone?

A

Biological interventions - A dopamine receptor antagonist (reduces levels of dopamine)

79
Q

What did Kim and Grant do?

A

Biological interventions - Naltrexone - 6 weeks of naltrexone treatment led to significant decreases in gambling

Yr 13 Psychology (6 decks)

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