Sleep disorders Flashcards
How long is short term insomnia?
A few days or weeks
How long is long term insomnia?
More than 4 weeks
What’s primary insomnia?
Not directly caused by another condition
What’s secondary insomnia?
Due to an underlying cause
What’s the study for teenage insomnia?
Roberts et al (2008) found its a major problem. 4000 Ps aged 11 and 17 from Texas. 25% had symptoms of insomnia, 5% said it affected their life
Evaluate primary vs secondary insomnia
Its important to be able to see which condition to treat. Ohayon and Roth found out of 15000 Europeans insomnia often proceeds mood disorders
What’s are the 4 consequences of insomnia?
Cognitive impairment, psychological disturbance, accidents, immune system
Study for the effects of insomnia on accidents?
Arendt found depriving someone of even 3 more hours sleep than normal had the same effects on driving as alcohol. There are 1500 deaths a year from sleep deprivation and driving.
Study for the effects of insomnia on the immune system
Savard et al found fewer immune cells in insomniacs. However could also be due to stress (Keicolt-Glaser)
Who devised the 3p model for insomnia
Spielman (1991)
3p model for insomnia: 1
Predisposing factors - Watson found 50% due to genetics. Could also be physical factors e.g. hyperarousal
3p model for insomnia: 2
precipitating factors - triggering events
3p model for insomnia: 3
Perpetuating factors - maintaining factors
Real-world application for insomnia
Using attribution theory peoples belief that they are going to have a bad sleep can be changed. Storms (1970) gave Ps a pill which caused ‘arousal’ or ‘sedation’. Those who had the first pill fell asleep faster because they attributed their arousal to the pill.
What are the 4 explanations for narcolepsy?
Psychological, REM, HLA, hypocretin
Narcolepsy: psychological explanation?
Lehman (1943) suggested sudden attacks of sleepiness cause sexual fantasies
Narcolepsy: REM explanation
Cataplexy usually happens in REM
Narcolepsy: HLA explanation
Honda et al (1983) increased frequency of one type of HLA (found in white blood cells) in narcoleptic. Found in 90% of narcoleptic with cataplexy.
Narcolepsy: hypocretin explanation
These regulate sleep and wakefulness, usually there are 10,000-20,000 hypocretin-producing cells but in narcoleptic many of these are missing.
Narcolepsy: REM evaluation
Vogel (1960) found in narcoleptics REM happened at the beginning of sleep rather than the end
Narcolepsy: HLA evaluation
Not found in all narcoleptic, and can be found in non-narcoleptic people
Narcolepsy: Hypocretin evaluation dog study
Lin et al (1999) found a mutation of chromosome 12 in narcoleptic dogs which disrupts hypocretin. Also found in humans
Narcolepsy: Hypocretin evaluation causes
Minot (1998) found its unlikely to be genetic, more due to stress or illness.
Narcolepsy: real-life application
Hyprocretin molecule is fragile and can’t yet be used for a treatment
Sleep walking: 3 A01 points for sleep walking
Incomplete arousal, risk factors, childhood
Sleep walking: what brain waves suggest incomplete arousal
Delta waves (SWS) Beta waves (awake)
Sleep walking: who studied the reason this happens in childhood
Olivier (2008) the system which usually inhibits motor activity during SWS is not developed in some children and adults
