Sleep disorders

Question 1

How long is short term insomnia?

Answer 1

A few days or weeks

Question 2

How long is long term insomnia?

Answer 2

More than 4 weeks

Question 3

What’s primary insomnia?

Answer 3

Not directly caused by another condition

Question 4

What’s secondary insomnia?

Answer 4

Due to an underlying cause

Question 5

What’s the study for teenage insomnia?

Answer 5

Roberts et al (2008) found its a major problem. 4000 Ps aged 11 and 17 from Texas. 25% had symptoms of insomnia, 5% said it affected their life

Question 6

Evaluate primary vs secondary insomnia

Answer 6

Its important to be able to see which condition to treat. Ohayon and Roth found out of 15000 Europeans insomnia often proceeds mood disorders

Question 7

What’s are the 4 consequences of insomnia?

Answer 7

Cognitive impairment, psychological disturbance, accidents, immune system

Question 8

Study for the effects of insomnia on accidents?

Answer 8

Arendt found depriving someone of even 3 more hours sleep than normal had the same effects on driving as alcohol. There are 1500 deaths a year from sleep deprivation and driving.

Question 9

Study for the effects of insomnia on the immune system

Answer 9

Savard et al found fewer immune cells in insomniacs. However could also be due to stress (Keicolt-Glaser)

Question 10

Who devised the 3p model for insomnia

Answer 10

Spielman (1991)

Question 11

3p model for insomnia: 1

Answer 11

Predisposing factors - Watson found 50% due to genetics. Could also be physical factors e.g. hyperarousal

Question 12

3p model for insomnia: 2

Answer 12

precipitating factors - triggering events

Question 13

3p model for insomnia: 3

Answer 13

Perpetuating factors - maintaining factors

Question 14

Real-world application for insomnia

Answer 14

Using attribution theory peoples belief that they are going to have a bad sleep can be changed. Storms (1970) gave Ps a pill which caused ‘arousal’ or ‘sedation’. Those who had the first pill fell asleep faster because they attributed their arousal to the pill.

Question 15

What are the 4 explanations for narcolepsy?

Answer 15

Psychological, REM, HLA, hypocretin

Question 16

Narcolepsy: psychological explanation?

Answer 16

Lehman (1943) suggested sudden attacks of sleepiness cause sexual fantasies

Question 17

Narcolepsy: REM explanation

Answer 17

Cataplexy usually happens in REM

Question 18

Narcolepsy: HLA explanation

Answer 18

Honda et al (1983) increased frequency of one type of HLA (found in white blood cells) in narcoleptic. Found in 90% of narcoleptic with cataplexy.

Question 19

Narcolepsy: hypocretin explanation

Answer 19

These regulate sleep and wakefulness, usually there are 10,000-20,000 hypocretin-producing cells but in narcoleptic many of these are missing.

Question 20

Narcolepsy: REM evaluation

Answer 20

Vogel (1960) found in narcoleptics REM happened at the beginning of sleep rather than the end

Question 21

Narcolepsy: HLA evaluation

Answer 21

Not found in all narcoleptic, and can be found in non-narcoleptic people

Question 22

Narcolepsy: Hypocretin evaluation dog study

Answer 22

Lin et al (1999) found a mutation of chromosome 12 in narcoleptic dogs which disrupts hypocretin. Also found in humans

Question 23

Narcolepsy: Hypocretin evaluation causes

Answer 23

Minot (1998) found its unlikely to be genetic, more due to stress or illness.

Question 24

Narcolepsy: real-life application

Answer 24

Hyprocretin molecule is fragile and can’t yet be used for a treatment

Question 25

Sleep walking: 3 A01 points for sleep walking

Answer 25

Incomplete arousal, risk factors, childhood

Question 26

Sleep walking: what brain waves suggest incomplete arousal

Answer 26

Delta waves (SWS)
Beta waves (awake)

Question 27

Sleep walking: who studied the reason this happens in childhood

Answer 27

Olivier (2008) the system which usually inhibits motor activity during SWS is not developed in some children and adults