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PYA3 > Biological rhythms > Flashcards

Biological rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

How many hours is the circadian rhythm

A

24 hours

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2
Q

How many hours is the infradian rhythm

A

24 hours to 1 year

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3
Q

How many hours is the ultradian rhythm

A

Less than 24 hours

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4
Q

What are the 3 circadian rhythms?

A

Sleep-wake cycle, hormones, Core body temperature

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5
Q

Who studied the sleep wake cycle for circadian rhythms?

A

Micheal Siffre (1962)

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6
Q

What day did Micheal Siffre resurface and what day did he think it was?

A

after 61 days on the 17th September believing it was 20th August

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7
Q

Who showed it was low in validity because it didnt isolate him from artificial light?

A

Czeisler et al (1999) - changed ps rhythms to 22 and 28 hours using artificial light

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8
Q

What 2 researchers argued it ignored individual differences?

A

Czeisler (1999) rhythms vary from 13-65 hours

Duffy (2000) morning people go to sleep 6-10pm, evening 10-1pm

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9
Q

Circadian: when is cortisol at its highest and lowest?

A

Highest - 6pm

Lowest - midnight

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10
Q

Circadian: when is melatonin and growth hormone at its highest?

A

midnight

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11
Q

Circadian: who studied core body temperature?

A

Folkard et al (1977) read stories to 12 and 13 year olds at either 9am or 3pm. A week later asked them to recall specific parts. the afternoon group recalled 8% more because of temperature being its highest

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12
Q

Circadian: who supported the study for core body temperature?

A

Giesbrecht (1993) lowered ps core body temperature by putting them in cold water. cognitive performance was better when temperature high

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13
Q

What are the 2 ultradian cycles?

A

Basic rest-activity and sleep stages

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14
Q

Ultradian: who studied BRAC

A

Friedman and Fisher (1967) - observed eating drinking and resting of psychiatric patients over 6 hour periods. clear 90 min cycle.

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15
Q

Ultradian: who studied sleep stages?

A

Dement and Kleitman (1957) found ps in REM sleep were likely to report dreaming

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16
Q

What are the 3 infradian cycles?

A

female cycle, male cycle, SAD

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17
Q

Infradian: who studied the female cycle?

A

Russel (1980) - sweat study

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18
Q

Infradian: who studied the male cycle?

A

Empson (1977) 21 male ps measured body temp and aletness levels. found cycle of 20 days

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19
Q

Infradian:what are the stages of the female cycle?

A

Pituitary gland triggers release of oestrogen. once the egg has ripened the womb lining prepares for pregnancy by increasing blood supply. if theres no pregnancy in 2 weeks it shreds. (lasts 28 days)

20
Q

Infradian: Whats the believed reason for SAD?

A

increase in melatonin and decrease in serotonin

21
Q

What are the 3 endogenous pacemakers?

A

SCN, Pineal gland, biological clock

22
Q

what are the 3 exogenous zeitgebers?

A

light, temperature, social cues

23
Q

pacemakers: who studied the SCN

A

Morgan (1995) bred mutent hamsters with 20hr rhythms, when transplanted the SCNs to normal hamsters they had 20 hour rhythms

24
Q

pacemakers: who studied the biological clock?

A

Darlington (1989) the protein interaction in fruit flies. loop lasts 24 hours

25
Q

zeitgebers: what is the main study for light?

A

Campbell and Murphey (1998) you can change rhythms by shining light onto the back of people knees

26
Q

zeitgebers: who found the effect of artificial light?

A

Boivin et al (1996)

27
Q

zeitgebers: who studied the consequence of artificially lit societies

A

Stevens (2006) disrupts melatonin levels and may lead to breast cancer

28
Q

zeitgebers: who studied social ques?

A

Davidson (2006) the zeitgeber for cells in the liver and heart is reset by mealtimes

29
Q

pacemakers: what does the pineal gland do?

A

controls melatonin secretion

30
Q

pacemakers: whats an effect of the biological clock going wrong?

A

familial advanced sleep phase syndrome

sleep from 7pm to 2am

31
Q

How long does it take for the body clock to resynchronise and who studied this?

A

Winter et al (2008) calculated it takes one day per hour time change

32
Q

Whats phase delay?

A

an extended rhythm e.g. 24 to 29 hours

33
Q

which direction causes phase delay?

A

East to West

34
Q

what was the study for travel direction with baseball team?

A

Recht et al (1995) studied US baseball teams over 3 years. found teams that travel East to West won 44% of games, those travelling West to East won 37%

35
Q

Who studied the effect of food with jet lag?

A

Dr Patrick Fuller - experiment on 2 racers found not eating during your flight and having your next meal when you stop travelling can stop the risks of jet lag.

36
Q

What advice is given for reducing jet lag and by who?

A

Coren (1996) -
sleep before flying
avoid stimulants e.g. alcohol and caffeine
adopt to the daily routine of the destinations time on the plane eg sleep if you’re going to arrive at night
expose yourself to sunlight if its morning

37
Q

What is the circadian trough and who studied it?

A

Boivin et al (1996) midnight and 4am when cortisol and temperature is lowest

38
Q

whats the study for day time sleep?

A

Tilley and Wilkinson (1982) day time sleep is 1-2 hours shorter than night, and REM is particularly affected

39
Q

Whats the study for the effects of shift work on health?

A

Knutsson et al (1986) individuals who worked shifts for 15 years were 3X more likely to develop a heart disease than non-shift workers

40
Q

whats the study for the social effects of shift work?

A

Solomon (1993) found divorce rates to be as high as 60%

41
Q

what are 4 ways to reduce the effects of shift work?

A

non-fluctuating shifts
forward rotating shifts
melatonin
artificial lighting

42
Q

whats the study for the effects of fluctuating shifts?

A

Gold et al (1992) - more problems occur with these shifts and the individual cant get used to one sleep-wake cycle

43
Q

whats the study for melatonin and shift work?

A

Petrie (2010) reviewed 10 studies and found if melatonin is taken near bed its effective

44
Q

Who studied the effects of artificial lighting on biological rhythms?

A

Boivin et al (1996) studied 32 male ps who were put on a inverted sleep-wake cycle.
they all experienced 5 hours of dim light in the day then either:
very bright, bright, ordinary, or dim light after.
group 1 advanced 5 hours
group 4 delayed 1 our

45
Q

how was Boivin’s study improved?

A

in 2002 he conducted a field study on nurses. the same effects were evident when they were exposed to very bright light showing the study has ecological validity and real-life application.

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