Cognitive Development Flashcards
What development does Vygotsky study?
Cognitive Development
In Vygotskys theory what two mental functions do children develop through?
Elementary and higher
In Vygotskys theory what are the 4 stages of cultural influence?
Role of experts
Semiotics and language
Social and individual level
ZPD
Vygotsky evaluation: who studied the role of culture?
Gredler (1992) - Papua New Guinea counting system
Vygotsky evaluation: who studied the role of language?
Carmicheal et al (1932) - kidney shape study
Vygotsky evaluation: who studied the role of the ZPD?
McNaughton (1990) - jigsaw study
Vygtosky and Paiget evaluation: who commented on their personal backgrounds?
Miller (1994)
What development did Kohlberg study?
Moral understanding
What was Kohlbergs dilemma study?
84 boys aged 10, 13, or 16 asked 10 open ended questions about 3/9 hypothetical dilemmas
What are the 3 main stages of Kohlbergs theory?
Pre-conventional level, conventional level, post-conventional level
What are stages 1 and 6 of Kohlbergs theory?
stage 1 - punishment and obedience (focuses on rules ignores intentions)
stage 6 - universal ethical principles (self-chosen abstract principles)
Kohlberg evaluation: study for moral behaviour?
Kohlberg (1975) - students given the opportunity to cheat. 15% at post-conventional, 70% at pre-conventional.
Kohlberg evaluation: study for moral consistency?
Krebs and Denton (2005) - suggested changes may be due to other factors, e.g. financial gains
Kohlberg evaluation: Gender bias?
Gilligan (1982) - women are more caring
Kohlberg evaluation: lack of realism?
Gilligan (1982) - based her study on real situations e.g. abortion
According to Piaget, what is cognitive development a result of?
Biological maturation and the environment
What are the 4 stages of Piagets cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Piaget evaluation: stage 1
Baillargeon et al (1991) - children as young as 3-4 months can display object permenance
Piaget evaluation: stage 2
Three mountains task, age 4. Hughes (1975) said they could cope if it was more realistic.
Piaget evaluation: stage 3
Beaker test, age 7.
Piaget evaluation: stage 4
Colouring test.
Understanding of others: what is imitation and who studied it?
Copying actions. Meltzoff and Moors (1989) found newborns less than 72 hours could copy mouth and hand actions.
Understanding of others: what is intention and who studied it?
Understand the reason of an action. Carpenter et al (2001), children as young as 3 months can follow a gaze, at age 1 can follow a point. Also tested autistic children - no difference.
Understanding of others: what are the 3 topics of perspective-taking?
egocentricity, role taking, deception.
Understanding of others: who studied deception?
Cole (1986) found children age 3 can hide their disappointment of a present.
Understanding of others evaluation: who argued they were separate modules?
Carpenter et al (2001) study showed autistic children can’t go beyond understanding intentions.
Understanding of others evaluation: who argued they were a continuum?
Eider (2006) children with sensory impairments don’t develop ToM until adolescence because their perspective taking is impaired.
Understanding of others evaluation: who studied the importance of role taking?
Schaffer (2002) argued its key for successful relationships.
Understanding of others evaluation: evolutionary approach for role taking?
Machiavellian intelligence
Understanding of others evaluation: real world application?
Selman (2003) role taking should be used more in schools. Social Skills Training (SST) used for criminals who could lack the ability to take the role of others and therefore lack empathy.
Understanding of others evaluation: what 5 points for evaluation?
Separate modules, interdependence, role taking, real world application, nature/nurture.
Sense of self: what are the 4 topics?
Subjective awareness, objective self awareness, theory of mind, psychological self.
Sense of self: subjective self awareness - initial stages?
At birth can recognise warmth, at 2 can recognise limb movement.
Sense of self: subjective self awareness - main study?
Barrack and Watson (1985) - 5 month olds reacted differently to a real time video of their leg movement than a pre-recorded one.
Sense of self: subjective self awareness - evaluation
Mahler et al (1993) - argues they have no sense of separateness at birth.
Sense of self: objective self awareness - rouge tests?
Gallup (1970) - monkeys Amsterdam (1972) - 16 babies. 6-12 months = someone else 13-24 months = warily 24+ months. = recognised themselves
Sense of self: objective self awareness - consequence of this?
Development of jealousy empathy etc
Sense of self: objective self awareness - evaluation study
Pip et al (1992) securely attached infants develop quicker. And those in an independent society
Sense of self: Theory of mind - 2 main studies?
Sally-Anne task
Dunn (1991) - show by age of 2 with comforting
Sense of self: Theory of mind - main evaluation
Baron-Cohen (1985) found autistic children failed, may be linked to their social deflict
Sense of self: Theory of mind- evaluation for determinism
Partner et al (1994) ToM isn’t biologically determinist as children in big families develop it quicker.
Sense of self: psychological self - 2 main studies
Damon and Hart (1988) children at age 4 describe physical features
Eder (1990) gave statements and found the answers were stable showing how they understood whether they were introvert or extrovert
Sense of self: psychological self - this develops into?
Self-esteem
Sense of self: psychological self - attachment link?
Securely attached infants rated themselves higher
What are the 5 stages of Piagets application to education?
readiness, stages of development, motivation to learn, logical thinking
Piaget application evaluation: 1st study for readiness?
Bryant et al (1971) when pre-operational children practised solving problems and gradually built it up they could cope. Practice rather than readiness.
Piaget application evaluation: 2nd study for readiness?
Danner and Day (1977) students aged 10 and 13 on 3 formal operational tasks and showed no improvement. however 17 year olds did; supporting biological maturation
Piaget application evaluation: weakness of readiness studies?
practise doest mean they understand, could just be repeating steps but not understanding why
Piaget application evaluation: limitations study
Modgil et al (1983) suggests there inst enough practise in piagetian learning as it implies they do it themselves.
Piaget application evaluation: culture bias?
individualist society
5 stages of Vygotskys education
collaborative learning, peer tutoring, scaffolding, motivation to learn
What is scaffolding?
Wood et al (1976) a process that enables a novice to solve a problem, carry out a task, or achieve a goal which would be beyond his unassisted efforts
Whats an MKO?
more knowledgable other
Vygotsky application evaluation: 1st collaborative learning study?
Gokhale (1995) students who study together performed better in individual critical-thinking tasks
Vygotsky application evaluation: 2nd collaborative learning study?
Salvin (1991) these peer lessons are often on top of normal lessons and so it could just be the extra hours
Vygotsky application evaluation: scaffolding study
Wood and Middleton (1975) watched mothers and their 3-4 year old children build a 3D pyramid puzzle. worked best when MKO altered their responses based on the learner ‘contingent regulations’
Education application - what are the 5 overall evaluation points
culture bias, assessing teaching methods, discovery learning, comparison, emotion
Education application: study for comparison?
Bennett(1976) piagets theory worked better for maths, reading and english. however may be due to formal teacher focus on the core subjects. vygotskys theory means teacher need more training and understanding so it could be the application not the theory thats the problem
Education application: emotion point?
SEAL introduced to UK to balance lack of emotion in theories.
Who was the mirror neuron system discovered by and how?
Rizzolatti et al (1996) - recording neural activity in the motor cortex of macaque monkeys and found neurons in the F5 area in the premotor cortex became active as if the monkey was doing the action
4 points for the mirror neuron system AO1?
imitation, intention, perspective taking and ToM, language acquisition
Mirror neurons: who studied imitation?
Lhermitte et al (1986) people who have damage to their frontal cortex display compulsive imitation
Mirror neurons: who studied intention?
Lacobini et al (2005) studied 23 ps with context, action, and intention clip of a tea party. the most frontal cortex activity was in the intention clip; they were trying to understand why
Mirror neurons: who studied perspective taking and ToM?
Gallese and Goldman (1998) Mns may enable us to read mins and understand perspective. this leads to empathy and prosocial behaviour
Mirror neurons: who studied language acquisition?
Binkofski et al (2000) found evidence of MNs in Broca’s area (speech production)
Mirror neurons evaluation: 5 points for evaluation?
simulation theory, lack of support, myth?, evidence, real-world application
Mirror neurons evaluation: simulation theory
supports ST as it suggests we experience what other are experiencing to predict their actions and feelings. Theory theory (TT) suggests we construct a theory based on the info available
Mirror neurons evaluation: lack of support
Lamm et al (2007) the brain regions active when someone feels emotion and watches someone else experience emotion werent the ones identified for MNs
Mirror neurons evaluation: myth?
Gopnik (2007) most research is based on animals who dont have ToM, its too simple, might not be innate and could be learned through association (Nature/Nurture)
Mirror neurons evaluation: evidence
Slack (2007) 286 individual neurons in ps who did simple tasks then watched a clip of someone else doing the tasks. 34 MNs were identified to be activated by performance and observation. identified different kinds, e.g ones which become suppressed in observation; preventing us imitating it
Mirror neurons evaluation: real-world application
Slack (2007) strengthening autistic children’s NM system could help them develop ToM
