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Neuro Block 5 > Sleep-ARS > Flashcards

Sleep-ARS Flashcards

0
Q

What are the basic EEG rhythms or patterns, and the changes that occur during a seizure?

A

Absence seizure - spike-wave

Complex partial - (focus where it starts) very small crazy amplitudes

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1
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalography

Non invasive measurement of brain activity

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2
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

Awake

Drowsy

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3
Q

What are the patterns of sleep and the EEG that patterns that characterize them?

A
  • Awake - alpha waves
  • Stage I (drowsy) - beta waves
  • Stage II - sleep spindles (higher amp and freq, onset of coherence, driven by Thalamiccortical oscillations)
  • Stage III - theta?
  • Stage IV - delta
  • REM - very much like awake, essentially beta waves
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4
Q

What are the patterns of sleep and the EMG that patterns that characterize them?

A

Waking - high muscle tone
Non-REM - highish muscle tone
REM - almost no muscle tone

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5
Q

What are the patterns of sleep and the ELectrooculogram that patterns that characterize them?

A
  • Waking - Saccades (random peaks, high freq)
  • Non REM - rolling motion of eyes (medium amplitude highish freq)
  • REM - Saccades come back (big peaks, low freq)
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6
Q

What are the circuits responsible for sleep/wake transitions, including the ascending reticular activating system and the region that promote slow-wave sleep?

A

ARAS - nuclei from the braimstem (pontine nuclei), hypothalamus, basal forebrain –> cortex and thalamus

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7
Q

What are the possible functions of sleep?

A 
Reducing energy expenditure 
Replenish brain glycogen
Cognition
- brain plasticity 
- consolidation, memories, association, 
- consolidation of learning 
Possibly allows shrinkage of neurons and metabolizes to be drained out
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8
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A 
Short term: cognitive impairment
- reaction time
- judgment 
Long term
- cognitive decline (dementia)
- Problems with homeostasis 
- infection
- hallucination, seizures
- death
REM sleep is not necessary
Stage III and IV is necessary
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9
Q

What is the relationship between the functions of sleep disturbances and other clinical disorders?

A

A

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10
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

Works by receiving the electric field of pyramidal cells on the cortex

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11
Q

What is the big dip in and EEG normally?

A

Eye blinks

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12
Q

What are the axis for EEG?

A

1sec - x

100uV - y

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13
Q

What are beta waves on a EEG?

A

Tiny peaks becaus you get lots of info in that cancel each other out, also why the frequency is high because things are in sync
Active thinking

Freq 12-30
Amp 30

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14
Q

What are alpha waves on an EEG?

A

Eyes closed
Less info coming in
Larger regions of the cortex are being activated together so you get larger amplitudes but a lower frequency

Freq - 8-12
Amp - 10-50

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15
Q

What are theta waves on an EEG?

A

Drowsiness or meditation

Freq - 4-8
Amp - 50-100

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16
Q

What are delta waves on an EEG?

A

Slow-wave sleep

Freq less than 4
Amp - 100-150

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17
Q

Is coherence in cortical states a good thing?

A

Not always, that is a seizure

Very coherent spike-wave repeat
Absence seizure - eye blinking, loss of consciousness

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18
Q

What is driven by Thalamocortical oscillations?

A

Sleep spindles in stage II

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19
Q

What stage of sleep is restorative?

A

Stage four

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20
Q

What do you see with sleep apnea?

A

When you lose tone in the palate it collapes

Stay mostly awake

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21
Q

What are the two tracts that project into the sleep wake cycle?

A

Thalamocortical

Corticothalamic

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22
Q

What give you the particular EEG patterns?

A

Firing from the Thalamocortical and corticothalamic tracts

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23
Q

What does the ARAS use for transmission?

A

Monoamines

ACh

24
Q

What are the monoaminergic nuclei and what do they produce?

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus - HA
SN/ventral tegmental area - DA
Locus ceruleus - NE
Raphe nuclei - 5-HT

25
Q

What neurotransmitter is related to wakefulness?

A

Histamine

26
Q

What are the Cholinergic nuclei?

A

BF - basal forebrain
LDT - laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
PPT - pedunclopontine tegmental nucleus

27
Q

What does the ARAS promote?

A

Wakefulness

28
Q

What are the ARAS nuclei that mainly project to the thalamus?

A

LDT and PPT

29
Q

What is the function of the ARAS nuclei?

A

Modulate the cortex

30
Q

What are the two different lateral hypothalamus neurons?

A

Orexin (hypocretine)

MCH (REM sleep)

Both neuropeptides

31
Q

What is orexin?

A

Sustains wakefulness and projects to all ARAS nuclei

32
Q

What happens when you lose orexin?

A

Narcolepsy

Parietal loss in Parkinson’s and brain trauma

Orexin antagonists may be used as sleep aids

33
Q

What does the preoptic nuclei do?

A

Two of them:
VLPO
MNPO

Promotes sleep

34
Q

What neurotransmitters does the preoptic nuclei (VLPO, MNPO) have?

A

GABA and galanin

35
Q

Where does the preoptic area project?

A

ARAS and orexin neurons and inhibits them

36
Q

Where does the Thalamocortical circuit project from the thalamus?

A

Th thalamic reticular nucleus. Wraps around the whole nucleus.

INHIBITORY and the others are excititory

37
Q

What contributes to sleep spindles and waves?

A

He Thalamocortical circuit

38
Q

Do you dream during non-REM sleep?

A

Less frequent, vivid, and emotional than during REM

Less memorable

39
Q

What is bursting mode of the thalamus?

A

Reticular cell fires in a burst –> inhibits Thalamocortical cell (hyperpolarization) –> bursts of action potentials –> excites pyramidal cell in cortex –> cortex projects back to thalamic cortical cell and prevents burst (depolarized) and also fires to the reticular cell and makes a cycle

This leads to coherent activity in the cortex. This is how we get slow sleep

40
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

The preoptic nuclei a subset stops inhibits the LDT and the PPT which allows sensory transmission to the cortex (some sensory)

Leads to dreams

41
Q

What area of the brain is inhibited during REM and what does it do?

A

Dorsaolateral prefrontal cortex

Gives impulse control and judgment (social control)

42
Q

What does the anterior cingulate cortex do?

A

Smilingly emotional facial expression

43
Q

What does the parahippocampal gyrus do?

A

A lot with memory

44
Q

What gives you beta waves during rem?

A

Subset of LDT/PPT (rem on)

45
Q

What is the REM off switch?

A

LC/Raphe (part of ARAS)

46
Q

What may be the first symptom of Parkinson’s and levy body dementia?

A

REM behavior disorder

47
Q

What is REM behavior disorder?

A

Loss of rem atonia

More common in old people

80% of Pxs later develop alpha-synucleinopathies

48
Q

What are the REM on neurotransmitters?

A

ACh and MCH

49
Q

What are the rem-off neurotransmitters?

A

Monoamines

50
Q

What neurotransmitter is present during REM and waking?

A

ACh

51
Q

What neurotransmitter is present only during waking?

A

Orexin

52
Q

What neurotransmitters are the monoamines in sleep-wake cycle?

A

Serotonin
NE
DA
HA

53
Q

What has orexin?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

54
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus have?

A

MCH and orexin, waking and rem

55
Q

What metabolizes are cleared during sleep?

A

Beta amyloid

56
Q

What is the “somnogen” hypothesis?

A

Accumulation of diffusable or circulating factors promotes sleep
- adenosine is one possible somnogen
(Byproduct of ATP use –> binding inhibits ARAS
–> dis inhibition of VLPO(sleep switch) –> sleep

57
Q

What does caffeine do?

A

It is an antagonist of adenosine receptors

58
Q

What does the preoptic nuclei release?

A

GABA and galanin make you sleep

Neuro Block 5 (20 decks)

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