Alcohols

Question 0

What is the max concentration of EtOH yeast can make?

Answer 0

12-14%

Question 1

What are the three clinically applicable alcohols?

Answer 1

Methanol
Ethanol
Ethylene glycol

Question 2

What alcohol by volume percent is 100 proof?

Answer 2

57.15%

Question 3

What is the action of EtOH on the CNS?

Answer 3

• Disinhibition Euphoria - depresses inhibition
• relaxation
• general CNS depression
• thought and processes that are most dependent on training and previous experience are the first affected
• anesthetic only at lethal doses
• perception and reaction to pain are reduced

Question 4

What are some non CNS effects of EtOH?

Answer 4

CV:
1. vasodilation (loss of heat, sense of warmth)
2. Major cause of cardiomyopathy, rhythm disturbances
3. Increase HDL and decreases LDL, increases production of t-PA lowers clotting
Liver:
1. Deplete and less metabolism
2. Chronic - more metabolism, tolerance
3. Hepatic accumulation of fat and proteins
Kidney
1. Diuretic - decreases release of vasopressin

Question 5

What is EtOH’s possible mechanism of action?

Answer 5

• membrane disorder in or fluidizing effect like anesthetic agents
• May be responsible for toxicity
• some receptor also

Question 6

What is meant by FAS

Answer 6

Fetal alcohol syndrome

• alcohol crosses the placenta
• low nasal bridge, low upper lip, physical changes in shape of head
• cause increased incidence of still births and spontaneous abortions

Question 7

What is the metabolism of EtOH?

Answer 7

Ethanol –> acetaldehyde –> acetic acid
Enzymes:
1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (rate limiting)
2. Not sure

Excreted by the lungs

Question 8

What is the metabolism of methanol?

Answer 8

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 9

What is the metabolism of ethylene glycol?

Answer 9

ADH and ALDH

Ethylene –> formic acid and oxalic acid

Question 10

What are therapeutic uses of EtOH?

Answer 10

• Antiseptic
• antidote to methanol poisoning
• aphrodisiac
• head-cold

Question 11

What are the major drug interactions with EtOH particularly disulfiram?

Answer 11

• disulfiram - makes someone sick, interferes with aldehyde dehydrogenase
• cephalosporins
• CNS depressants
• salicylates
• alter hepatic alteration

Question 12

What is the basis and treatment for methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity?

Answer 12

• methanol –> formic acid –> blindness acidosis
  By alcohol dehydrogenase
• ethylene glycol –> formic acid and oxalic acid –> acidosis and calcium oxalate crystals
• out compete alcohol dehydrogenase with ethanol
  Also give sodium carbonate to get urine to 7.5

Question 13

Why are hangovers the way they are?

Answer 13

• accumulation of acetaldehyde
• changes in immune system
• metabolic acidosis
• ## glu excitation rebound

Question 14

What is the cause of death in ethylene glycol consumption?

Answer 14

Metabolic acidosis
CV dys
Acute kidney failure
(Glycolic and oxalic acid)

Question 15

What drug can you use to inhibit ADH?

Answer 15

Fomepizole

Question 16

How do you prevent addiction relapse?

Answer 16

Disulfiram

Naltrexone