Sleep Apnea

Question 1

Sleep apnea can be observed on EEG’s monitored during a PT’s sleep cycle based upon what finding?

Answer 1

Arousals (sudden sleep state change detected on EEG)

Apneas and hypopneas end w/ arousal

Question 2

What is the most common type of sleep apnea?

Answer 2

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA

Question 3

What Mallampati class puts individuals at the greatest risk for sleep apnea?

Answer 3

Class 4

Question 4

What is the GOLD standard for diagnosing sleep apnea?

Answer 4

Polysomnogram

Question 5

Untreated sleep apnea puts individuals at risk and can lead to multiple different clinical conditions. What are they?

Answer 5

Weight gain
Atrial Fibrillation (4x higher risk)
Stroke
Hypertension (HTN)

Question 6

Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to signal breathing associated muscles. What conditions might cause Central Sleep Apnea?

Answer 6

Parkinson’s dementia
Alzheimer’s dementia
ALS

Question 7

What factors might put an individual at higher risk for OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA?

Answer 7

OBESITY (#1 Risk Factor)
Nasal obstructions
Tonsillar or adenoid enlargement
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Pierre Robin Sequence
Repositioned mandible

Question 8

How does a Pierre Robin Sequence present clinically?

Answer 8

Small mandible (micrognathia)
Retracted tongue (glossoptosis)
Opening in roof of mouth (cleft palate)

Question 9

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Answer 9

Cleft palate
Eyes slanted downwards
Absent/small or deformed ears
Underdeveloped facial bones