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Neurophys Exam II > Sleep and Emotion > Flashcards

Sleep and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What plays a crucial role in regulation of sleep-wake cycle?

A

5 single source divergent networks (SSDN)

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2
Q

Are the neural circuits that mediate each state (sleep or wake) distinct from one another or not?

A

They are distinct but also interdependent

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3
Q

The circuits that promote arousal and those that promote sleep must be what in order for the sleep-wake cycle to proceed?

A

separate

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4
Q

What are the stages of the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Awake
Non-REM sleep
REM sleep

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5
Q

What is the wake stage of sleep-wake cycle?

A

individual is conscious and all five SSDNs are active

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6
Q

How is non-REM sleep cycle triggered?

A

by the release of adenosine from glial cells

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7
Q

How is non-REM sleep characterized?

A

the activity of the noradrenergic (NE/NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus and the serotonergic (5-HT) neurons in the Raphe nuclei

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8
Q

How many stages are within Non-REM sleep?

A

4

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9
Q

What is stage 1-2 of non-REM sleep?

A

light sleep

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10
Q

What is stage 3 of non-REM sleep?

A

moderate-deep sleep

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11
Q

What is stage 4 of non-REM sleep?

A

deepest level of sleep (slow-wave sleep)

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12
Q

What happens after the 4th stage of non-REM sleep?

A

individual enters REM sleep

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13
Q

What is REM sleep often marked by?

A

vivid hallucinations

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14
Q

What initiates the effects of REM sleep?

A

activation of cholinergic (ACh) neurons in the pons (PPN)

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15
Q

What is responsible for the relative physical paralysis that occurs during REM sleep?

A

Increased activity of GABAergic neurons in the reticular formation (pons) which send projectionsto inhibitory neurons that synapse on LMNs (lower motor neurons) in the spinal cord

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16
Q

How are EEGs of REM sleep compared to awake?

A

they are very similar in appearance

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17
Q

On average how many periods of REM sleep will an individual cycle through per sleep-wake cycle?

A

~4

18
Q

What can eventually occur in response to severe sleep deprivation?

A

death

19
Q

REM sleep during development?

A

comprises a high percentage of the sleep-wake cycle than observed in adults

20
Q

What occurs following sleep deprivation?

A

REM rebound

21
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

Total number of hours of sleep lost may not be made up but REM will be made up by an increased % of the sleep-wake cycle being devoted to REM

22
Q

What are some observations that link REM sleep with memory consolidation?

A
  • Increased % of REM sleep during intense periods of mental activity
  • Same neural firing patterns were observed in the brains of rodents while they were awake an learning a spatial task and while they were in REM sleep following the task
  • Deficits in memory are observed following REM deprivation
23
Q

What does research evidence say about the importance of non-REM sleep?

A

it’s important for conservation of energy and restorative for the mind and not necessarily for the body

24
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation on exercise?

A

Sleep deprived were able to exercise as effectively as those who weren’t
- but cognitive impairment was present

25
Q

What are some roles of sleep and energy conservation?

A
  • During wakefulness, the repeated release of NTs can deplete glial cell energy storage (glycogen)
  • When these energy stores are depleted, the glial cells release adenosine
  • R/cs in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem bind adenosine which promotes the induction of non-REM sleep
  • Periods of non-REM sleep throughout the sleep-wake cycle replenish the glycogen stores of the glial cells
26
Q

What is the idea of “Brainwashing” during sleep?

A

During sleep, cells within the brain contract creating extra space.
- Allowing CSF to flow between the brain cells and deposit waste into the vasculature

27
Q

What neurological diseases have been associated with disruption of the waste removal process and accumulation of metabolic waste?

A

Alzheimer’s disease and its associated amyloid beta plaques

28
Q

What is the process of emotion mediated through?

A

through the 5 SSDNs

29
Q

What is activated to generate emotional mood and affect?

A

networks that underlie positive and negative emotions

30
Q

What are positive emotions modulated through?

A

Dopamine (DA) system

31
Q

The dopaminergic neurons of the (VTA) in the brainstem send projections to where?

A

the basal forebrain, specifically to the nucleus accumbens (nAc)

32
Q

Excitatory input from the dopaminergic neurons activates what? and inhibits?

A

activates –> nucleus accumbens (nAc)

inhibits–> activity of the amygdala

33
Q

Where else does the VTA project (directly/indirectly through nAc) when activated?

A
  • medial prefrontal cortex
  • ant/post areas of cingulate gyrus (ant/post CG)
  • insula
34
Q

What is the purpose of the medial prefrontal cortex (Med PFc)?

A

aids in the process involved in working memory related to positive emotion

35
Q

What is the role of the anterior and posterior areas of the cingulate gyrus (ant/post CG) in positive emotion?

A

focuses on attention

36
Q

What is the role of the insula in positive emotion?

A

aids in modulation of all emotions

37
Q

What are negative emotions processed through?

A

norepinephrine/noradrenalin (NE/NA) and serotonin (5-HT)

38
Q

What parts of the brainstem sends excitatory projections to the amygdala?

A

Raphe nuclei (nR) and locus coeruleus (Lc) along with neurons with the periaqueductal gray

39
Q

What does activation of the amygdala do?

A

suppress the nAc (nucleus accumbens)

40
Q

What regions of the cortex will the Lc, nR, and PAG directly send projections (negative emotion)?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex (Orb PFC)
  • Anterior cingulate gyrus (ant CG)
  • insula
41
Q

What is the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex (Orb PFC) in negative emotion?

A

processes working memory related to negative emotion

42
Q

Look at chart “Neural Networks Underlying Emotion”

A

pg 32

Neurophys Exam II (12 decks)

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