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Neurophys Exam II > Long-term memory > Flashcards

Long-term memory Flashcards

1
Q

Long-term memory is measured how ?

A

days and years

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2
Q

What is long-term memory also referred to as?

A

qualitative memory

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3
Q

What are the two major divisions of long-term memory?

A

Declarative and nondeclarative memory

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4
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

is knowledge that we have conscious access to

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5
Q

What is declarative memory also known as?

A

explicit memory

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6
Q

What does declarative memory require?

A

deliberate recall of information

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7
Q

What are the two subdivisions of declarative memory?

A

Semantic and Episodic memory

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8
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

knowledge about the world

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9
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

knowledge that we recall about he events of our own lives

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10
Q

What is nondeclarative memory?

A

encompasses several forms of knowledge and is revealed when an individual performs a task that does not require intentional recollection of previous experience

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11
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of nondeclarative memory?

A
  • Procedural memory
  • Priming
  • Classical conditioning
  • Non-associative learning
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12
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

memory that involves the learning of motor and cognitive skills

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13
Q

What is priming?

A

memory that involves a change in response to a stimulus or the ability to identify a stimulus as a result of previous exposure to that stimulus

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14
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

a conditioned (neutral) stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (one that evokes a response) which results in an evoked response to the conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

What is another name for classical conditioning?

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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16
Q

What is non-associative learning require ?

A

simple forms of learning

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17
Q

What are included in simple forms of learning (non-associative learning?

A
  • Habituation

- Sensitization

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18
Q

What is habituation? (non-associative learning)

A

decrease in response to a stimulus following repeated exposure

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19
Q

What is sensitization? (non-associative learning)

A

Increase in response to a stimulus following repeated exposure

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20
Q

What happened to patient H.M?

A

had a severe temporal lobe epilepsy and underwent bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
- his seizures ceased and his intelligence and motor abilities remained intact

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21
Q

What issues did patient H.M post lobectomy?

A

Resulted in amnesic effects: total anterograde amnesia (including episodic and semantic memory) –> could not form new declarative memories

  • Partial retrograde amnesia
  • Could not recall information learned following his surgery
  • Was able to demonstrate improved performance on a task that did not require conscious access to information
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22
Q

What did we learn about patient H.M?

A
  • Functioning of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) was necessary for memory
  • The process underlying storage of short-term and long-term memory are different
  • Two distinct categories of long-term memory exists (explicit and implicit)
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23
Q

What is explicit and implicit memory?

A

other names for the subdivisions of long-term memory

  • explicit –> declarative
  • implicit –> nondeclarative
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24
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

loss of information/memories for a period of time prior to the event causing the amnesia
- long-term memories and memory from the period following the event are often intact

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25
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

loss of information/memories for a period following the causal event
- memory prior to the event is often retained

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26
Q

What are the divisions of declarative (explicit) memory mediated by?

A
  • divisions = Semantic and Episodic

- Mediated by the medial temporal lobe (MTL)

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27
Q

Is declarative memory flexible?

A

yes, can adapt to contextual changes

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28
Q

Rat experiment involving the importance of the medial temporal lobe & declarative memory

A

Rats given spatial task to find a platform in a tank filled with opaque water –> able to find platform faster each timee

  • Naive rats with hippocampal lesion were unable to find platform
  • Rats that learned to find the platform before lesion were able to find platform at the same level as before
29
Q

What did the rat experiment teach us?

A

Neurons of the hippocampus are needed for formation but not necessarily storage or retrieval of declarative memories

30
Q

What is the role of the medial temporal lobe related to learning & memory?

A

it is thought to be a “switchboard” that binds and keeps track of all relevant circuits selected (utilized) by working memory
- also directs the consolidation of info into long-term storage by maintaining linkage of all relevant networks (able to activate as a group/recall later)

31
Q

What do neurons of the MTL utilize?

A

Glutamate

32
Q

What are the 3 major structures involved in memory with the MTL?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, and the rhinal cortex

33
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the MTL?

A
  • Mediates spatial memory

specifically the parahippocampal cortex

34
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the MTL?

A
  • Modulates the encoding and storage of hippocampal-dependent memories
35
Q

What are the two regions that divide the Rhinal cortex?

A
  • Perirhinal cortex (PR)

- Entorhinal cortex (EN)

36
Q

What is the role of the perirhinal cortex (PR) in MTL related learning and memory?

A

controls object recognition

37
Q

What is the role of the entorhinal cortex (ER) in MTL related learning and memory?

A

Serves as the interface between the neocortex and the hippocampus
- plays an important role in the formation & consolidation of episodic and spatial memories

38
Q

Where does the entorhinal cortex (ER) project to?

A

sends projections to the dentate gyrus (part of the hippocampal formation)
- also aids in the formation of episodic memories

39
Q

Medail temporal lobe (MTL) pathway related to learning and memory

A

5 SSDNs –> Thalamic ARAS (Iln & TRn) –>hippocampus + rhinal cortex + amygdala

40
Q

What is thought to be the underlying mechanism of declarative memory?

A

LTP

41
Q

What are the two forms of LTP found in experimental studies within the neurons of the hippocampus? (declarative memory)

A

early long-term potentiation (E-LTP)

late long-term potentiation (L-LTP)

42
Q

Which LTP form (E-LTP or L-LTP) is stimulated by short period of stimulation? prolonged stimulation?

A 
E-LTP = short period
L-LTP = prolonged period
43
Q

Characteristics of E-LTP

A

Synaptic changes last for several minutes to ~3 hours

  • No new protein synthesis within the neurons was observed
  • No synaptic morphology changes were observed
44
Q

Characteristics of L-LTP

A

Synaptic changes last for ~3 to > 24hours

  • New proteins created within the neurons
  • Synaptic morphology changes were observed
45
Q

(LTP): What is associativity?

A

the induction of LTP by the stimulation of two sets of synapses that are activated concurrently
- thought to strengthen the connections between relevant information

46
Q

(LTP): What is specificity?

A

refers to the phenomenon in which LTP is elicited at one set of synapses on a postsynaptic cell, whereas adjacent synapses that were not activated do not exhibit LTP-like changes
- exclude non-relavent connections

47
Q

What is the example of associativity and specificity? (sight and smell of rose)

A

When the sight and the smell of a rose are presented to an individual several times, eventually the networks involved in the processing of this “sight” and “smell” information will fire simultaneously (associativity)

  • Once LTP mechanisms have “bound” these networks, the sight or smell of a rose alone will activate the other network
  • Conversely, if subjects were exposed to the smell of an onion, only the onion network would be activated due to specificity of LTP mechanism
48
Q

Non-declarative memory characteristics

A
  • Memory without recall or awareness
  • Experience alters behavioral performance unconsciously
  • Evidence for implicit memories can be found in preferences, habits, and disposition that are inaccessible to conscious recall (both during and after acquisition)
  • Implicit memory is not dependent on the MTL
49
Q

Once again, what are the 4 subtypes of nondeclarative memory?

A
  • procedural/habit or skill memory
  • priming
  • classical conditioning
  • non-associative
50
Q

Procedural/habit or skill memory involves what?

A

involves the learning of a variety of motor skills (i.e riding a bike) and cognitive skills (i.e reading)

  • Repeated rehearsal improves the skill performance unconsciously
  • context specific/inflexible
51
Q

What is the associated brain region with the Procedural (skills and habits) portion of nondeclarative memory?

A

striatum

52
Q

What is priming in nondeclarative memory?

A

a change in response to a stimuli or the ability to recognize a stimulus as the result of prior exposure to that stimulus

53
Q

Previous exposure or experiance activates specific circuits making it ______ to reactivate the same circuit?

A

easier

54
Q

Can a single exposure to a cognitive item lead to unconscious improvement in performance when tested?

A

Yes

55
Q

Classical conditioning responses can include what?

A

Skeletal muscle responses

Emotional responses

56
Q

What controls skeletal muscle response in classical conditioning?

A

motor control controlled by the cerebellum

57
Q

What controls emotional response in classical conditioning?

A

controlled by the amygdala, nAc, and orbital/medial PFC

58
Q

Which subtype of nondiscrimative learning is considered to be the most primitive form of learning and is found in organisms with basic nervous systems?

A

Non-associative learning

59
Q

What are the subtypes of non-associative learning?

A

Sensitization and Habituation

60
Q

Sensitization activates STP or STD?

A

STP –> enhanced release of NT from the presynaptic termina

61
Q

Habituation activates STP or STD?

A

STD –> suppression of NT release from the presynaptic terminal

62
Q

Recent research suggests what about the implicit memory process involving emotion and “intuition”?

A

These play a crucial role in an individual’s ability to make decisions

63
Q

Does conscious or unconscious emotion factor in first when making a decision?

A

Unconscious may factor in 1st

64
Q

What mediates the process of implicit memory and emotional response?

A

ventro-medial PFC (VM PFC)

65
Q

What is the ventro-medial PFC responsible for?

A

storage of personal information about past rewards and punishments

66
Q

Which region is proposed to be triggered with non-conscious (implicit) emotional responses that individuals describe as “intuition”?

A

Ventro-medial PFC

67
Q

What do individuals with VM PFC lesions display?

A
  • Little emotion in social situations and no empathy towards others
  • Perform well on IQ and memory tests but exhibit poor decision making ability
  • Have intact factual knowledge but emotional memories are absent
  • Exhibit dissociation of socially appropriate goal-directed (reward) behavior and willful behavioral action
68
Q

A PET scan of violent criminals and those exhibiting sociopathology showed abnormal low cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in what areas of the brain?

A

ventro-medial PFC

69
Q

What region of the brain is credited for housing Theory of Mind ability & empathy?

A

ventro-medial PFC

Neurophys Exam II (12 decks)

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