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Neurology > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of sleep

A

A state of consciousness from which a person can be easily aroused.

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2
Q

What are the arousal and sleep centres found in the brainstem known as ?

A

Reticular formation

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3
Q

Which two areas are involved in the induction of sleep ?

A

Hypothalamus and the SCN

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4
Q

What controls the release of Melatonin ?

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Where is Melatonin released from ?

A

Pineal gland

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6
Q

What happens in the SCN when there is no light ?

A

The SCN’s activity is decreased and this increases Melatonin production inducing sleep.

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7
Q

What happens in the SCN when there is light ?

A

The SCN’s activity is increased and this reduced the amount of Melatonin produced.

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8
Q

Which neuropeptide is released to initiate wakefulness ?

A

Orexin

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9
Q

Where is Orexin released from ?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

What affect does Serotonin cause ?

A

Thought to induce sleep as it is a precursor of Melatonin.

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11
Q

What drugs inhibit sleep ?

A

Any that block Serotonin or damage the Serotonergic neurones.

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12
Q

What is used to measure/record patterns in brain activity ?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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13
Q

What are the names of the 4 wave types ?

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Theta
  • Delta
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14
Q

Which waves are seen in a relaxed awake state ?

A

Alpha - High frequency, high amplitude

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15
Q

Which waves are seen in a alert awake state ?

A

Beta - High frequency, low amplitude

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16
Q

Describe a Theta wave

A

Low frequency, variable amplitude

17
Q

Describe a Delta wave

A

Low frequency, high amplitude

18
Q

What is Somnambulism/Sleepwalking ?

A

A behavioural disorder that originates during deep sleep (Non - REM) and results in walking or performing other complex behaviours while asleep.

19
Q

How many stages does the sleep cycle have ?

A

4

20
Q

What is stage one ?

A

Theta waves - Low frequency high amplitude. People are easily aroused, slow eye movements.

21
Q

What is stage two ?

A

Theta waves - Low frequency, varied amplitude and sleep spindles are seen.

22
Q

What is stage three ?

A

Delta waves - Low frequency, high amplitude. Less sleep spindles seen.

23
Q

What is stage four ?

A

Delta waves - low frequency, high amplitude. Sleep talking and walking occurs in this stage.

24
Q

What stage order occurs during a typical sleep ?

A

1 to 4. Then from 4 to 2 and then onto REM.

25
Q

What happens during REM sleep ?

A

Dreaming

26
Q

Which waves does REM sleep replicate ?

A

B waves

27
Q

How long and often does REM occur ?

A

Occurs for 5-30 minutes at the end of every 90 minute cycle. Gets longer throughout the night.

28
Q

What occurs during REM sleep to the body ?

A

Descending inhibition

29
Q

What is REM sleep behavioural disorder ?

A

In some people descending inhibition doesn’t occur and so they act out there dreams whilst in REM sleep.

30
Q

Which neurotransmitter is needed for REM sleep ?

A

Acetylcholine

31
Q

Why is sleep important ?

A
  • Memory and learning
  • Conserving whole body energy
  • Clearing out waste products
  • Cognitive function
32
Q

What is insomnia ?

A

Chronic inability to get the necessary amount or quality of sleep needed to maintain daytime behaviours

33
Q

What are Nightmares ?

A

They occur during REM sleep, the person usually wakes up and can recall the ‘Nightmare’

34
Q

What is a Night Terror ?

A

Occur during Delta sleep, common in children early in the night, they will seem as if they are awake but don’t recognise their patients. Don’t remember anything in the morning.

35
Q

What does the Lonus Coeruleus do ?

A

Regulates the amount of noradrenaline in the brain. It is important in arousal.

36
Q

What is the role of the Gigancellularis ?

A

It inhibits the motor activity of the spinal cord during sleep.

Neurology (16 decks)

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