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Neurology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the NS

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

Divisions of the PNS

A

Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor)

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3
Q

Divisions of the Efferent NS

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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4
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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5
Q

What are the two cells of the NS ?

A

Neurones and Glial cells

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6
Q

What do astrocytes do ?

A
  • Form the BBB

- Provide neurones with nutrients

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7
Q

What do microglia do ?

A

They act as phagocytes and are important in immune response.

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8
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes do ?

A

They form the myelin sheath for neurones in the CNS

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9
Q

What do Schwann cells do ?

A

They form the myelin sheath for neurones of the PNS

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10
Q

What function do Ependymal cells carry out ?

A

They act as cilia in the ventricles and subarachnoid space wafting the CSF.

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11
Q

What makes up the BBB ?

A
  • Thick basal lamina
  • Tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries
  • Astrocytes
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12
Q

What is the job of Satellite cells ?

A

They help to regulate the movement of substances within the PNS. Same job as astrocytes.

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13
Q

What are the features of a multipolar neurone ?

A
  • Multiple dentrites

- One axon

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14
Q

What is the function of a multipolar neurone ?

A

Motor neurone

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15
Q

What is the function of a pseudounipolar neurone ?

A

Sensory neurone

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16
Q

What are the features of a bipolar neurone ?

A
  • One cell body in centre
  • One axon
  • One dendrite
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17
Q

What are the features of a pseuounipolar neurone ?

A
  • One cell body in centre

- One axon that splits into two

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18
Q

Name the 3 primary brain vesicles

A

Pink Mice Rule

Prosecencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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19
Q

Name the 5 secondary brain vesicles

A 
Telencephalon 
Diencephalon 
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
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20
Q

What does the Telencephalon form ?

A
  • Lateral ventricles

- Cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

What does the Diencephalon form ?

A
  • 3rd ventricle
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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22
Q

What does the Mesencephalon form ?

A
  • Midbrain

- Cerebral aqueduct

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23
Q

What does the Metencephalon form ?

A
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • 4th ventricle
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24
Q

What does the Myelencephalon form ?

A
  • Medulla

- 4th ventricle

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25
Q

What do ganglia of the ANS form from ?

A

Neural crest cells

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26
Q

What does the CNS form from ?

A

Neural tube

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27
Q

What do motor neurones form from ?

A

Neural tube

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28
Q

What do sensory neurones form from ?

A

Neural crest cells

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29
Q

Cells on the dorsal side form which plate ?

A

Alar plate - Dorsal horn

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30
Q

Cells on the ventral side form which plate ?

A

Basal plate - Ventral horn

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31
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglion located ?

A

In the prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia

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32
Q

What type of the synapses are between the pre and post-ganglionic cells in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Cholinergic and nicotinic

33
Q

What type of the synapses between the pre and post-ganglionic cells in the parasympathetic nervous system are ?

A

Cholinergic and nicotinic

34
Q

What type of synapses are between the post-ganglionic and target organs in the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

Cholinergic and muscarinic

35
Q

What type of synapses are between the post-ganglionic and target organs in the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

Adrenergic - Beta and Alpha receptors

36
Q

4 facts about the post-ganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla

A
  • Have no axons
  • Part of the Sympathetic NS
  • Involved in mass activation
  • Release adrenaline into the blood
37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter to the cholingeric neurones ?

A

Ach

38
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect the eye ?

A

Causes contraction of the dilator pupillae and relaxation of the ciliaris muscle.

39
Q

What may eye drops that dilate the pupil contain ?

A

A muscarinic antagonist or an alpha 1 agonist

40
Q

What affect does parasympathetic activity have on the heart ?

A

Causes the release of acetylcholine and decreases HR.

41
Q

What affect does the sympathetic activity have on blood vessels ?

A

Causes them to vasoconstrict due to A1 mainly but in some causes vasodilation due to activation of B2.

42
Q

What happens to the body in CNS ?

A

Disease which affects the CNS and causes demyelination of axons in the white mater.

43
Q

How would a patient present with MS ?

A

They may have had a relapse which has resolved. Could present with

  • Optic neuritis
  • Bladder and bowel problems
  • Ataxia
  • Limb weakness
  • Sensory symptoms
44
Q

Medical definition of MS

A

Episodes of demyelination desalinated in space and time

45
Q

Are more relapses seen during pregnancy or less ?

A

Less

46
Q

Are women at a higher risk or lower risk of relapsing postpartum ?

A

More at risk

47
Q

What other factor can increase chances of releasing in MS ?

A

Infection

48
Q

What are the 3 types of MS ?

A
  • Primary progressive
  • Relapsing remitting
  • Secondary progressive
49
Q

How is MS diagnosed ?

A

Usually diagnosed clinically using Poser’s criteria or via MRI using McDonald’s criteria.

50
Q

What chemical is used to held us see episodes of demyelination on MRI ?

A

Gadolinium

51
Q

What other investigations may be done to rule out differential diagnosis to MS ?

A
  • Bloods

- Lumbar puncture

52
Q

What is MS associated with ?

A

Autoimmune disease

53
Q

What treatment is given in MS for acute relapses ?

A
  • Prednisolone
  • Rehabilitation
  • Symptomatic treatment
54
Q

What treatment is given in MS to modify the disease ?

1st line

A
  • Beta interferons (IV or SC)

- Dimethyl fumarate (oral)

55
Q

What treatment is given in MS to modify the disease ?

2nd line

A

Natalizumab

Alemtuzumub

56
Q

What do disease modifying agents do ?

A

Lower the chances of relapses

57
Q

What symptomatic treatment may be used in people with MS ?

A

Constipation - Laxatives
Erectile dysfunction - Sildenafil
Spasticity - Antispasmodics/Physiotherapy
Urinary dysfunction - Catheterisation

58
Q

What occurs during synaptic transmission ?

A
  1. Na flood into terminal as action potential
  2. Calcium ions start to move into presynaptic terminal
  3. Triggers the packaging of transmitter into vesicles and they begin to move to surface
  4. Exocytosis of transmitter occurs and it diffuses across cleft
  5. Transmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
  6. If not uptakes back into presynaptic cell then it is broken down in the gap
  7. Transmitter is metabolised within cells
59
Q

How could you reduce the synaptic transmission ?

A
  • Block voltage gated sodium channels
  • Increase the uptake of transmitters and their breakdown
  • Decrease the synthesis and packaging of transmitter
60
Q

What do spider toxins do ?

A

Block calcium channels

61
Q

How could you increase the synaptic transmission ?

A
  • Increase synthesis and packaging of neurotransmitters
  • Activate postsynaptic receptors using agonists
  • Block neurotransmitter uptake and breakdown
62
Q

Where is dopamine found ?

A

In the brainstem, limbic system and basal ganglia

63
Q

What type of receptors are dopamine ones ?

A

Metabotropic

64
Q

What are metabotropic receptors ?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

65
Q

What are ionotropic receptors ?

A

Ion channel receptors

66
Q

What are dopamines receptors called ?

A

D1-5

67
Q

What are the 5 drug classes that can be used to treat Parksinson’s disease ?

A
  1. Levodopa
  2. Carbidopa
  3. MAO inhibitors
  4. COMT inhibitors
  5. Dopamine agonists
68
Q

What are the side effects of dopaminergic drugs ?

A
  • N/V
  • Hallucinations
  • Tremors
  • Abnormal behaviour
69
Q

What are the side effects of long-term dopaminergic drug use ?

A
  • Balance

- Slurred speech

70
Q

Is the vommiting centre inside or outside the BBB ?

A

Outside

71
Q

What drug can be used to treat Parkinson’s but doesn’t cause N/V ?

A

Domperidone

72
Q

Define dyskinesia

A

Abnormal involuntary movements

73
Q

How do tricyclic antidepressants and MAO inhibitors work ?

A

Block noradrenaline uptake

74
Q

What does SSRI’s stand for and what is their main use ?

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and antidepressants

75
Q

What are triptans used for ?

A

Migraine treatment

76
Q

How do triptans work ?

A

5HT agonists - so they mimic serotonin

77
Q

What can GABA agonists be used for ?

A

Anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety

78
Q

How does GABA work ?

A

Decreases the activity of the NS

Neurology (16 decks)

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